Luận án tiến sĩ performance optimisation througn the use of compression garments

PERFORMANCE OPTIMISATION THROUGH THE USE OF COMPRESSION GARMENTS AND BIOSENSORS By Thi Nhu Lan Nguyen Submitted to Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Technology, Sydney Sydney, October 2018 Author Declaration I certify that the present study of the dissertation has not been submitted for a degree nor is a part of the requirements for other qualification. This excludes the full acknowledgment in this thesis. I also certify that this thesis has been completed by myself. Any other support for my current study and in the dissertation itself has been fully acknowledged.

Additionally, I certify that all literature and sources of information are cited in this thesis. This research is supported by the Australian Government Research Training Program. Signature of Candidate ____________________ Thi Nhu Lan Nguyen v Acknowledgement Foremost, I would like to present my sincere gratefulness to Professor. Hung Tan Nguyen, Associate Professor.

Steven Su, Professor. David Eager and Professor Joanne Tipper for giving an immeasurable amount of unwavering support, constant guidance, valuable time and inspiring discussions throughout my Ph. candidature in the Centre for Health Technologies, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Technology Sydney, Australia. I would like to express my gratitude to my colleagues at the Centre for Health Technologies (CHT: UTS) and many technical staff and administrative staff in the School of Biomedical Engineering for their useful support, advice, and encouragement throughout my research.

I would like to give my thankfulness to John Hazelton for his proofreading assistance. I am very thankful to my family in Vietnam for their strong encouragement as well as assistance. vi Contents List of Figures. vi List of Tables .1 Literature search strategy .3 Inclusion and exclusion criteria .2 Compression Garments in sports .3 Properties and characterization of CGs .3 Pressure of compression garments .4 Physiological and physical effects of CGs .7 Sleep duration/ sleep quality .8 Creatine kinase (CK)/ muscle damage .5 Psychology of compression garments .1 Rating of perceived exertion (PRE) .2 Perception of comfort.

76 Compression Garments and Cardiovascular Function on Exercise .1 Heart rate variability. 117 Effect of Compression Garments on Cardiovascular Function on Recovery. 146 Compression Garments and Brain Activity .3 EEG Electrode Placement System. 168 Conclusion and Future Work.

172 Appendix A Research Ethics Clearance .1 HREC Approval Granted-2014000844 .2 HREC Approval Granted-ETH16-0696. 184 Appendix B Size of compression garments .1 Skin DNAmic Mens Bottoms Size Guide .2 Skins DNAmic Mens Tops Size Guide .3 Skins DNAmic Womens Bottoms Size Guide .4 Skins DNAmic Womens Tops Size Guide. 208 v List of Figures Figure 1. 1: Flow of thesis.

2: Overall works of the experiments in the main chapters. 1: Selection process and search strategy based on excluded and included publications. 2: Traditional bandaging techniques (left) and medical elastic compression stockings (right). 5: Hand gloves, face masks, chin straps, arm sleeves, boleros, and bodysuits 25 Figure 2.

6: Upper body compression garments (full-long sleeve top, short-sleeve top and without sleeve top). 7: Lower-body compression garments (long-leg pants, quarter pants, short pants). 8: Arm sleeves, calf sleeves, compression socks. 9: Fibres made by chemical synthesis are called synthetic fibres (polyester, nylon); Elastic fibre elongates under stretching force.

10: Position of measurement in pressure. 11: Forest plot representing a comparison between the use of compression garments and control for the measure of thermoregulatory temperature. 12: Forest plot representing a comparison between the use of compression garments and control for the measure of skin temperature. 13: Forest plot representing a comparison between the use of compression garments and control for the measure of heart rate.

14: Forest plot representing a comparison between the use of compression garments and control for the measure of VO2. 15: Forest plot representing a comparison between the use of compression garments and control for the measurement of blood lactate. 16: Forest plot representing a comparison between the use of compression garments and control for the measure of sweating sensation. 17: Forest plot representing a comparison between the use of compression garments and control for the measurement of body mass.

18: Forest plot representing a comparison between the use of compression garments and control for the measure of calf girth/ thigh girth or circumference. 19: Forest plot representing a comparison between the use of compression garments and control for the measure of sleep quality. 20: Forest plot representing a comparison between the use of compression garments and control for the measure of creatine kinase (CK)/ muscle damage. 21: Forest plot representing a comparison between the use of compression garments and control for the measure of rating of perceived exertion (RPE).

22: Forest plot representing a comparison between the use of compression garments and control for the measure of perception of comfort. 1: Subjects wear compression garments. 3: FlexComp Infiniti and EKG-Flex/Pro (SA9306M). 4: Lead II position.

5: Detection of intervals. 6: Heart rate when wearing non-compression garments (NCGs) and correctly fitted compression garments (CCGs). 7: QT intervals when wearing non-compression garments (NCGs) and undersize-compression garments (UCGs). 1: Subject wears compression garments and non-compression garments.

3: Comparison between CGs and NCGs in HR (*p<0. 4: Comparison between CGs in NCGs in QTc (*p<0. 5: Comparison between CGs and NCGs in ST (*p<0. 1: Subjects wear compression garments and non-compression garments.

2: Impedance-check before and after the tests. 3: EEG sensor and monopolar electrode kit. 4: Locate the required electrode sites. 5: Amplitude of the raw EEG signal.

6: Single action potential. 7: EEG wave summation. 8: Peak to peak amplitude. 9: Band from 1 to 100+ Hz.

10: Alpha-power spectral density (**p<0. 13: Beta power spectral density (*p<0. 14: Theta-power spectral density (**p<0. 165 ix List of Tables Table 2.

1: Pressure of compression garments applied in previous studies (mmHg). 2: Summary data for the effects of compression garments on thermoregulatory temperature. 3: Summary data for the effects of compression garments on skin temperature. 4: Summary data for the effects of compression garments on HR.

5: Summary data for the effects of compression garments on VO2. 6: Summary data for the effects of compression garments on blood lactate. 7: Summary data for the effects of compression garments on sweating sensation. 8: Summary data for the effects of compression garments on body mass.

9: Summary data for the effects of compression garments on calf girth/ thigh girth or circumference. 10: Summary data for the effects of compression garments on sleep quality. 11: Summary data for the effects of compression garments on creatine kinase (CK)/ muscle damage. 12: Summary data for the effects of compression garments on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE).

13: Summary data for the effects of compression garments on the perception of comfort. 1: Effects of compression garments on exercise _______________________ 79 Table 3. 2: Participants characteristics _____________________________________ 99 Table 3. 3: Response of heart rate variability in correct size-compression garments and non-compression garments _____________________________________________ 108 Table 3.

4: Response of heart rate variability in undersize-compression garments and non-compression garments _____________________________________________ 109 Table 3. 5: QT and QTc response when wearing correct size- compression garments and non-compression garments _____________________________________________ 111 Table 3. 6: QT and QTc response when wearing undersize- compression garments and non-compression garments _____________________________________________ 112 Table 4. 1: Effects of compression garments on recovery.

3: Comparison between CGs and NCGs. 2: Power spectral density. 161 xi Abbreviations A : Ankle AT : Anterior Thigh ATP : Adenosine Triphosphate BF : Biceps Femoris Bla- : Blood Lactate BRS : Baroreflex Sensitivity C : Calf CCGs : Correct Size Compression Garments CGs : Compression Garments CK : Creatine Kinase CLBCGs : Well Fitted Lower Body Compression Garments CMJ : Countermovement Jump CMVJ : Countermovement Vertical Jump C-RP : C-Reactive Protein CS : Compression Stocking CWBCGs : Corrected Size Whole Body Compression Garments DBP : Diastolic Blood Pressure DOMS : Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness DVT : Deep Vein Thrombosis E : Exercise xii ECG : Electrocardiogram EEG : Electroencephalography EIMD : Exercise Induced Muscle Damage ES : Effect Sizes FAST : Fabric Assurance by Simple Testing FFT : Fast Fourier Transform FVC : Forearm Vascular Conductance G : Gluteus GM : Gastrocnemius Medialis GM : Gluteus Maximus H : Hip HF : High Frequency HR : Heart Rate HRV : Heart Rate Variability Hz : Hertz K : Knee KES-F : Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabrics LBCGs : Lower Body Compression Garments LF : Low Frequency LFHF : Rate of Low Frequency and High Frequency LSCGs : Long- Sleeve Compression Garments MA : Medial Ankle MAP : Mean Arterial Blood xiii MC : Medial Calf Mean : Mean Value Mean NN : The Mean Of RR Intervals MECS : Medical Elastic Compressive Stockings MM : Medial Malleolus MSA : Mid-shank Anterior MSP : Mid-shark Posterior MTA : Mid-thigh Anterior MTP : Mid-thigh Posterior MVC : Maximal Voluntary Knee Extension MVIC : Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction NCGs : Non Compression Garments NCS : Non Compression Stocking NN50 : Number Of Successive RR Interval Pairs More Than 50 ms nTHI : Tissue Haemoglobin Index O2 : Oxygen OLBCGs : Loose Fitted Lower Body Compression Garments OWBCGs : Over Size Whole Body Compression Garments PC : Posterior Calf PDE : Skeletal Muscle Intracellular Phosphodiester PME : Muscle Metabolites Phosphomonoester PMS : Perceived Muscle Soreness pNN50 : Percentage Of All Sequential RR Deviations Exceeding 50 ms xiv PRE : Rating of Perceived Exertion PT : Posterior Thigh QT : QT intervals QTc : Corrected of QT intervals R : Recovery RER : Respiratory Exchange Ratio RF : Rectus Femoris RFD : Rate Of Force Development RMSSD : The Root Mean Square Of Subsequent Deviation RPE : Rate Of Perceived Exertion RR : RR intervals S : Shank SBP : Systolic Blood Pressure SCGs : Compression Shorts SD : Standard Deviation SDNN : A Standard Deviation Of RR Intervals SE : Standard Error SLCGs : Sleeveless Compression Garments SSLCGs : Short-Sleeved Compression Garments ST : ST intervals STD : Standard Deviation TES : Esophageal Temperature TOI : Tissue Oxygenation Index xv UCGs : Undersize Compression Garments ULF : Under Low Frequency VLF : Very Low Frequency VO2 : Oxygen Consumption YRS : Years WBCGs : Whole Body Compression Garments xvi Abstract ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract It is well known that exercise-induced muscle damage and the disruption of metabolic processes occur in individuals who are not accustomed to intensive physical activity. Disruption in the PXVFOHV¶FRQWUDFWLOHHOHPHQWVDQGPHWDEROLFSURFHVVHVUHVXOWV in a reduction in sports performance and muscle power output alike.

There were three main aims of the current study, and the first aim was to determine whether compression garments (CGs) affected cardiovascular function during exercise of running trainers. The second aim was to establish whether electrocardiogram (ECG) signals are affected by wearing CGs on the recovery phase. The last purpose was to investigate the relationship between brain activity and the application of CGs. Subjects randomly performed the experiments in different garments including compression garments and non-compression garments.

ECG and EEG sensor collected the electrical signals based on the electrodes attached to the body. The sensors of ECG- Flex/Pro were used for the collection of cardiovascular signal through lead II position. Besides, the raw EEG signal were collected from the surface of head via O1 position using Flexcomp Infiniti Monitor. Parameters were compared based on paired t-tests.

Statistical significance was reported when the p-value was lower than 0. As part of the study, participants completed the designed protocols for data collection. In Experiment 1, eight subjects (women, n=3; men, n=5; 25.m-2) completed a running protocol for ECG collection wearing non-compression garments (NCGs), under-size compression ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Abstract ______________________________________________________________________________________________ garments (UCGs) and correct-size compression garments (CCGs).0 kg) concentrated on the recovery phase.