Phát triển Vốn Nhân lực: Yếu tố Thiếu sót trong Mô hình Aerotropolis? (Luận án John Roosevelt Hubbard)

The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Spring 5-2017 Is Human Capital Development the Missing Element of the Aerotropolis Model? John Roosevelt Hubbard University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.edu/dissertations Part of the Business Administration, Management, and Operations Commons, and the Human Resources Management Commons Recommended Citation Hubbard, John Roosevelt, "Is Human Capital Development the Missing Element of the Aerotropolis Model?" (2017).edu/dissertations/1394 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact Joshua. IS HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT THE MISSING COMPONENT OF THE AEROTROPOLIS MODEL? by John Roosevelt Hubbard A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School and the Department of Human Capital Development at The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Approved: ________________________________________________ Dr.

Miller, Committee Chair Associate Professor, Economic Development, Tourism, Sports Management ________________________________________________ Dr. Quincy Brown, Committee Member Assistant Professor, Human Capital Development ________________________________________________ Dr. Gaudet, Committee Member Professor, Human Capital Development ________________________________________________ Dr. Lunsford, Committee Member Assistant Professor, Human Capital Development ________________________________________________ Dr.

Gaudet, Committee Member Chair, Department of Human Capital Development ________________________________________________ Dr. Coats Dean of the Graduate School May 2017 COPYRIGHT BY John Roosevelt Hubbard 2017 Published by the Graduate School ABSTRACT IS HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT THE MISSING COMPONENT OF THE AEROTROPOLIS MODEL? by John Roosevelt Hubbard May 2017 Until the early 20th century, transportation by land or water served as the primary methods of trade. As competition in the global marketplace increased in the 21st-century air transportation emerged as a new and faster method of trade. Convinced of the economic benefits of air transportation, many policymakers of airport communities were quick to make plans for growth such as building infrastructure around the airport.

This aerotropolis model often ignored the human capital development required for success. Central to this study is this question: Is human capital development the missing component of the aerotropolis model economic development strategy? The researcher examined all 35 U. airports based on the aerotropolis model to determine the relationship between human capital development on aerotropolis model success. The purpose of this quantitative, explanatory, quasi-experimental study was to determine the relationship between human capital development and the aerotropolis model airport performance and success.

This study validated previous research that airports are important drivers of economic development. However, the study findings revealed that training (the nine Classification of Instructional Programs used to identify aerotropolis model education and training program categories in the study) had no effect on the success (measured as gross regional product, employment, and per capita income) of the airport community. ii Additionally, there was not relationship between human capital development and passenger and cargo activity. The study indicated the primary driver of economic success in the airport community is passenger activity.

The inter-connectivity of the airport with other airports drives passenger activity and cargo activity, not talent pipeline. Cargo activity at the aerotropolis model airport is less vital to the economic success of the airport community than passenger activity. This finding is contrary to John Kasarda’s opinion that cargo activity is equally important to the aerotropolis model as cargo activity. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There is an old African proverb, later made popular by former first lady Hillary Clinton, which stated, “It takes a village to raise a child.” In my case, “the child” is this dissertation, and the “village” is the many family, friends, and advisors who offered their encouragement, patience, knowledge, and time to help me complete this journey.

I will be forever grateful that this journey brought people into my life who I now consider my friends. I will always be indebted to Dr. Barbara Kee who spent countless hours keeping me focused and offering me words of wisdom. Many thanks to Dr.

Chris Nelson, Dr. John Davis, and Dr. Subhro Mitra for their advice and assistance as well. I am so appreciative to Dr.

Flint Brent, Clark Magee, and Teresa Hanger, who besides my bride, have probably read this dissertation more times than anyone else but me. Lynda Thornton from ACU: Thank you for believing in me and giving me hope. To my USM cohorts Stephen Ellis, Charles Childress, Will Burge, Tonya Moore, Deano Harrison, and Courtney Taylor: Thanks for allowing me to email, text and call you at all hours. Stephen, I especially appreciate your advice and friendship and allowing me to bounce ideas off you.

You took me under your wing (or perhaps, I grabbed it) during my first class in the HCD program. The HCD faculty and staff is AWESOME. I certainly appreciated the encouragement from Dr. Heather Annulis, Dr.

Patti Phillips, and Dr. Robin Johnson, thanks for keeping me on track. Suzy Robinson, I love you! Thank you for being you! iv To my dissertation committee members, Dr. Cyndi Gaudet, Dr.

Quincy Brown, and Dr. Dale Lunsford: Thank you for reviewing and commenting on my dissertation. It has been such an honor to work with you. I am so grateful to each of you! Dr.

Miller: Thank you for agreeing to be my committee chair. I appreciate all the long hours and time you spent reviewing this dissertation when you could have been doing other things. I valued your guidance through this lengthy process. I appreciated all of your comments and suggestions.

This dissertation is better than it could have ever been because of your input. v DEDICATION Dedicated to my bride Marian, children Mariah, Alex, and Darah, son in law Jaime, grandchildren Jonah and Judah, in-laws Matthew and Takako, and to the memory of my Mom, Jessie Mae Mariah Worde and Dad, Dolphus Albert Hubbard. In his book, The Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays, Albert Camus states, “The meaning of life is the most urgent of questions.” Assuming our life expectancy is 80 years, 3/4ths of my life on earth is gone. Like Qoheleth, I too can look back at my life and say everything I have experienced has been meaningless: I have endured the death of my parents, lost several jobs, been unemployed for over a year and been through a divorce.

I have been blessed with many worthwhile things as well: I found my awesome bride, I have three beautiful children, a great son in law, and two amazing grandchildren. I have paid off the mortgage to my house; I have a fantastic job and, live a debt free life and after years of work, completed this dissertation. However, through it all, I have realized that the only possession God wants me to have is the one that is permanent, that is, a relationship with Him. What matters most is that I put my trust in Him.

My parents had it right – they understood what Jesus was talking about all along: Live a life not focused on earthly things which are fleeting, but rather focus on things above because in heaven is where real treasures lasting an eternity are stored. Marian, Mariah and Jamie, Alex and Darah, and Jonah and Judah: Always remember that is never too late to accomplish your goals. My prayer for you, “Trust God in every decision you make, give more to others; strive for excellence but be content with what you have, always treat people fairly, embrace the good times and the bad times, remembering that God is in control.” Learn how to die and you will learn how to live. vi To my dear bride, Marian: This is OUR achievement.

Thank you for your sacrifice, support, and encouragement as we completed another step in our journey together. I love you with all my heart, and I am so thankful that you are beside me. I look forward to the next chapter in our life. Ready to turn the page?.

vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT. vi LIST OF TABLES. xv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

xviii CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION. 1 Background of the Study. 3 Statement of the Problem. 8 Purpose of the Study.

11 Significance of the Study. 14 Delimitations of the Study. 15 Definition of Terms. 19 CHAPTER II – LITERATURE REVIEW.

21 Literature Search and Research Tools used in the Literature Review. 21 The Role of Community Leaders and Policymakers in Economic Growth. 22 viii The Role of Transportation and Trade in Urbanization. 25 Human Capital Development, Transportation, and Urban Development.

26 The First Wave of Transportation Development. 27 The Second Wave of Transportation Development. 28 The Third Wave of Transportation Development. 29 The Fourth Wave of Transportation Development.

30 The Fifth Wave of Transportation Development. 31 Airport-Based Economic Development: The Aerotropolis Model. 33 The Influence of Passenger Traffic and Cargo on Economic Development. 34 The Airport City and Aerotropolis.

36 Characteristics of Successful Aerotropolis Model Airports. 37 Critique of the Aerotropolis Model. 40 How Human Capital Development Fits in with Aerotropolis Model. 44 Human Capital Development.

44 Measuring Human Capital Development. 46 The Cost-Based Approach. 47 The Income-Based approach. 48 The Education-Based approach.

49 Alternative Methods to Measure Human Capital Development. 51 ix Measuring Talent Pipeline and Regional Growth. 52 Theories Guiding this Study. 53 Theory of Transportation.

53 Human Capital Theory. 54 Key Attributes Identified in this Study. 55 Aerotropolis Model Airport Performance Construct. 56 Human Capital Development Construct.

56 Regional Economy and Aerotropolis Model Success Constructs. 57 Gross Regional Product. 59 Per Capita Income. 61 CHAPTER III – RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY.

64 Population and Sample. 66 x Approval to Use Databases. 67 Institutional Review Board. 68 Dataset Name Conversion to IBM SPSS.

68 Reliability and Validity. 71 Variables and Latent Constructs. 74 Research Objective One. 75 Research Objective Two.

77 Research Objective Three. 79 Research Objective Four. 81 About Regression Analysis. 85 CHAPTER IV – RESULTS.

86 Data Collection Results. 87 Organization of Data Analysis. 88 Research Objective One. 88 Results for Research Objective One.

90 xi Research Objective Two. 92 Results for Research Objective Two. 94 Descriptive Statistics for Research Objectives Three and Four. 96 Research Objective Three.

97 Results for Research Objective Three. 106 Research Objective Four. 107 Results for Research Objective Four. 107 CHAPTER V – FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS.

110 Summary of the Study. 111 Aerotropolis Model Performance and Airport Community Success. 114 Talent Pipeline and Airport Community Success. 116 Talent Pipeline and Aerotropolis Model Performance.

118 Implications of Study Limitations. 120 Suggestions for Future Research. 122 APPENDIX A – Aerotropolis Model Statistics. 124 APPENDIX B – Aerotropolis Model Statistics.

126 APPENDIX C – Aerotropolis Model Statistics. 127 APPENDIX D – Aerotropolis Model Statistics. 128 APPENDIX E – Aerotropolis Model Statistics. 135 APPENDIX F – Airport Model Statistics.

137 APPENDIX G – Airport Model Statistics. 139 APPENDIX H – Airport Model Statistics. Public Domain & Copyright Notice. 143 APPENDIX J – Approval to use Illustration by John Kasarda.

144 APPENDIX K – Approvals to use Illustration by Oliver Wyman. 145 xiii APPENDIX L – Approval to use Illustration by Jean-Paul Rodrigue. 146 APPENDIX M – Approval to use Illustration by other Georgia Institute of Technology 147 APPENDIX N – Approval to use Illustration by Kung-Jeng Wang & Wan-Chung Hong. 148 APPENDIX O – Approval to use DKShifflet Data.

150 xiv LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Summary of the Economic Impact of Air Transportation, 2000-2012. 4 Table 2 Airports Based on the Aerotropolis Model in the United States. 6 Table 3 Commercial Service Airport Governance Distribution .