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University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Social Work College of Social Work 2018 CONCEPTUALIZING THE PREVENTION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING: SURVIVORS PERSPECTIVES Jessica James Donohue-Dioh University of Kentucky, donohuediohj@uky.edu Author ORCID Identifier: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6999-8900 Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.481 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits you. Recommended Citation Donohue-Dioh, Jessica James, "CONCEPTUALIZING THE PREVENTION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING: SURVIVORS PERSPECTIVES" (2018). Theses and Dissertations--Social Work.edu/csw_etds/22 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Social Work at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Social Work by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge.

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Jessica James Donohue-Dioh, Student Dr. Melanie Otis, Major Professor Dr. Julie Cerel, Director of Graduate Studies CONCEPTUALIZING THE PREVENTION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING: SURVIVORS PERSPECTIVES. ________________________________________ DISSERTATION ________________________________________ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Social Work at the University of Kentucky By Jessica James Donohue-Dioh Lexington, Kentucky Co- Directors: Dr.

Melanie Otis, Professor of Social Work and Dr. Justin “Jay” Miller, Professor of Social Work Lexington, Kentucky 2018 Copyright © Jessica James Donohue-Dioh 2018 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6999-8900 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION CONCEPTUALIZING THE PREVENTION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING: SURVIVORS PERSPECTIVES. The following study seeks to conceptualize the prevention of human trafficking from the perspective of survivors. The study design was informed through a Public Health Framework and the application of Postmodernism, Social Constructionist Theory, Ecological Perspective and Empowerment Perspective.

An integrative mixed-method, participatory research design was applied, namely Concept Mapping. Data was collected over approximately two-months, and included 35 survivors of human trafficking from 4 different states. Data collected from survivors resulted in a statement set (N = 108) and a 10-Cluster Final solution depicting the ways in which survivors conceptualized prevention. Additional outputs provide insight as to survivors’ perspectives on importance and feasibility of the prevention data.

KEYWORDS: Human Trafficking, Prevention, Human Rights, Social Work, Mixed- Method Jessica James Donohue-Dioh 12/13/2018 Date CONCEPTUALIZING THE PREVENTION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING: SURVIVORS PERSPECTIVES. By Jessica James Donohue-Dioh Dr. Melanie Otis Co-Director of Dissertation Dr. Justin “Jay” Miller Co-Director of Dissertation Dr.

Julie Cerel Director of Graduate Studies 12/13/18 Date DEDICATION To my Dad, the first person to ever believe in me. To my wonderful partner, Ndiba, for always encouraging me, no matter the path I pursue. Most importantly to my heart and soul, Jemea and Diele. You were ushered into this experience without an option.

Thank you for your kindness, compassion and strength. Thank you for sitting me down and talking to me when I was too buried in my work and you needed me to be present with you. After all, this work that I love so much, it is meaningless if it doesn’t serve the future well, the future that is in each of you. I love you all.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost I would like to acknowledge the survivors who participated in this study. Thank you for your courage and commitment to a different future for yourselves and for our shared world. Your willingness to share your experiences and your truths enhances the path forward. Mostly especially Harold and Dancy D’Souza, I continue to be in awe of your strength and compassion to do good in the world, no matter the horrific journey you endured.

You are humbling and inspiring all at the same time and I am honored to know you and call you my friends. Additionally, and at the risk of forgetting some, I want to acknowledge some of the friends, family and mentors, without whom I most definitely would not be here. Thank you Barb “Mrs. Mom” Corson, you mean the world to me, and your unconditional love and support is more meaningful than I could possible say in words.

Thank you Kushlani deSoyza, you send me on the path to invest in my future, even though I was clueless as to the foundation you have begun to lay for me. You were also my first exposure to feminism, a power and presence in my life I continue to try and cultivate. Shelagh Larkin, first you were my BSW professor and urged me to complete my MSW. Then you became my colleague and my dearest friend, encouraging my to then pursue a PhD.

You have been my partner throughout this, I cannot imagine having done it without you. Thank you for all the long drives and late nights, we did this together. Margo Heydt and Dr. Dennis Long you have both encouraged me and supported me from my BSW through my first years in academia.

You listened patiently and directed me with your experience and wisdom. A special thank you to my committee for dedicating their time and energy. Carlos de la Torre, Dr. Marie-Antoinette Sossou, and Dr.

Thomas Lawson, your thoughtful iii comments and guidance helped to create a more well-rounded product and learning experience. My Chair Dr. Otis who sat with me through several ideas and ups and downs in the early stages. Your patience and guidance was critical, thank you.

Lastly, I must acknowledge and thank my co-chair and mentor Dr. Justin “Jay” Miller. The opportunities you have provided me will remain as the building blocks of my career for many years to come. Your patience and dedication to not only my education, but to this process is appreciated.

Finally, I am forever grateful for your level headedness and kind words in challenging times. As I have learned, and so many before me know well, this is not just an academic process, but a personal journey as well. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix CHAPTER I: Introduction To Human Trafficking 1 Legislative Development 2 Defining Human Trafficking 3 3-P Paradigm 5 Legislative Mandates 6 Incidence of Human Trafficking 8 Hotline Statistics 9 Attorney General Report 9 Study Framework 10 Public Health Frame Work and Social Work 13 Survivor Informed 13 Social Justice 15 Study Purpose 15 Study Significance 16 CHAPTER II: Review of Literature and Theoretical Frameworks 18 Marco Prevention 18 Mezzo Prevention 19 Micro Prevention 20 Summary of Prevention Literature 22 Theoretical Foundation 23 Postmodernism Theory 24 Postmodernism Theory Applied 25 Social Constructionist Theory 25 Social Constructionist Theory Applied 26 Ecological Perspective 27 Ecological Perspective Applied 28 Empowerment Perspective 30 Empowerment Perspective Applied 30 Summary of Theory and Perspectives 31 CHAPTER III: Methodology 33 Method, Theory and Perspectives 34 Concept Mapping 35 Step One: Planning and Preparation 36 Preparation 36 Participants 38 Recruitment 38 Focus Prompt 38 Step Two: Brainstorming 39 Content Analysis 40 v Step Three: Rating & Sorting 40 Step Four: Analyses 41 Similarity Matrices 42 Multidimensional Scaling 42 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis 43 Pattern Match 44 Go-Zone Graph 45 Step Five: Interpretation 45 Step Six: Utilization 46 Design Challenges 46 Potential Ethical Issues 47 CHAPTER IV: Results 49 Participants 50 Trafficking Information 52 Brainstorming Prevention Statements 55 Concept Mapping 61 Similarity Matrices 61 Multidimensional Scaling 62 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis 64 Bridging Values 65 Statement Ratings 67 Importance 67 Feasibility 68 Cluster Importance and Feasibility 68 Importance 68 Feasibility 69 Pattern Match 70 Go-Zones 71 CHAPTER V: Discussion 75 Survivors Conceptualizations of Prevention 76 Interpreting Statements: Prevention 78 Macro 78 Mezzo 80 Micro 81 Secondary Prevention 82 Cluster 1Values 83 Cluster 2 Governmental Oversight 84 Cluster 3 Community Readiness & Resources 85 Cluster 4 Survivor Rehabilitation & Empowerment 86 Cluster 5 Social Services 87 Cluster 6 Children & Youth 88 Cluster 7 Family 88 Cluster 8 School Based Education 89 Cluster 9 Education & Awareness 90 Cluster 10 Dismantling Barriers 91 Participants Prioritizations 92 vi Clusters 93 Go-Zone Statements 98 Knowledge 98 Relationships 99 Resources 100 Summary of Discussion 100 Implications 101 Human Trafficking Awareness and Education 102 Victim and Survivor Needs 102 Social Work 103 Summary of Implications 104 CHAPTER VI: Conclusion 105 Study Strengths 105 Study Limitations 106 Generalizability 107 Data Collection 108 Future Research 108 Closing Thoughts 109 REFERENCES 111 VITA 122 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 Description of Sample 51 Table 4.2 General Information Related to Victimization 54 Table 4.3 Final Statement Set (N=108) 56 Table 4.4 Mean Cluster Bridging Values 66 Table 4.5 Mean Cluster Rating – Importance 69 Table 4.6 Mean Cluster Rating – Feasibility 70 Table 4.7 Go-Zone Statements 73 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1 Participant Geographic Origin 52 Figure 4.2 Aggregate Similarity Matrix (Sample of Statements 1-24) 62 Figure 4.3 Point Map with Statement Numbers 64 Figure 4.4 Final Cluster Solution 65 Figure 4.5 Cluster Bridging Map 66 Figure 4.6 Mean Cluster Rating – Importance 69 Figure 4.7 Mean Cluster Rating – Feasibility 70 Figure 4.8 Pattern Match 71 Figure 4.9 Go-Zone Graph 72 ix CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN TRAFFICKING The International Labor Organization (ILO) reports human trafficking is one of the fastest growing criminal industries in the world (2014a). In their Profits and Poverty report, ILO, estimates $150.2 billion dollars in annual profits come from forced labor (2014b).

Department of State (USDOS) identifies human trafficking as one of the most “egregious” human rights violations of the 21st century, occurring in every country throughout the world (2008, p. In the recent report, Global Estimates of Modern Slavery, ILO estimates “24.9 million people were in forced labour”, this includes multifarious labor sectors as well as those in the sex industry (ILO, p7, 2017). Approximately 25% of those exploited are children and 71% are women and girls (ILO, 2017). The level of severity is evidenced in these statistics, and so it is without question that when such a severe human rights violation continues to plague our society there must be action.

The social work profession makes a clear commitment to the most vulnerable, oppressed and marginalized members of society (National Association of Social Work [NASW], 2017). This study pairs social work’s commitment with human trafficking to make a meaningful contribution in the elimination of this human rights violation. For the last 18 years the United States (U.) has dedicated significant resources as well as legislative support to combating human trafficking. The main foci of these efforts have been awareness campaigns, prosecution of traffickers, service provision and assistance to the identified human trafficking victims and survivors (Administration for Children and Families [ACF], 2016).

However, human trafficking prevention efforts have lagged 1 behind, as have that research endeavors which incorporate survivors’ perspectives and expertise.