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THE UNIVERSITY OF ĐA NANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES ======== LY NGOC TOAN A COGNITIVE STUDY OF LEXICAL EXPRESSIONS DENOTING MOTION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE DOCTORAL THESIS IN ENGLISH LINGUISTICS DA NANG- 2019 THE UNIVERSITY OF ĐA NANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES ======== LY NGOC TOAN A COGNITIVE STUDY OF LEXICAL EXPRESSIONS DENOTING MOTION IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy) Major: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code: 62.01 DOCTORAL THESIS IN ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Supervisor: Assoc. Luu Quy Khuong DA NANG- 2019 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgment in the text of the dissertation. This dissertation has not been submitted for the award of any degree of diploma in any other tertiary institution. Da Nang, December 26, 2019 Author Ly Ngoc Toan Da Nang, 2019 i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor Assoc.

Lưu Quý Khương, whose support in various aspects has led me to finish this dissertation finally. His enlightening comments and discussions used to extend our meetings to several hours. My research orientations have been much influenced by his formal and empirical methodology. I also gratefully acknowledge the other members of my dissertation committee at the University of Foreign Language Studies (UFL) - the University of Da Nang (UDN), particularly Assoc.

Phan Văn Hòa for his generous advice and support from the first drafts to the finalization of the dissertation, Dr. Trần Quang Hải for providing me with stimulating insights on cognitive linguistics. My sincere thanks would go to Dr. Ngũ Thiện Hùng, Dean of the English Faculty, for his constant encouragement.

I would like to express my great gratitude to Assoc. Trần Hữu Phúc, Rector of UFL-UDN, Assoc. Nguyễn Văn Long, Vice - Rector of UFL-UDN, Assoc. Nguyễn Thị Quỳnh Hoa, Vice Dean of the English Faculty, for their critical comments, which encourage me to better and fulfill my research.

I am indebted to my colleagues, Dr. Lê Hương Hoa, Dean of English Department, Nguyễn Thị Vân Anh, M.A, at the English Department of Police University, whose help and support was of great importance to the completion of this dissertation. Finally, I owe the completion of this dissertation to my parents for their love and encouragement, my wife and my lovely daughter for their understanding and sacrifice throughout my study. To all mentioned, and to many more, my heart extends the warmest thanks! ii ABSTRACT Regarding a cognitive study on lexical expressions of motion (LEsM) in English and Vietnamese, the study, first, examines the semantic properties of LEsM which are associated with the semantic components (SCs) mapped onto linguistic surface forms (Su.F) to denote motion events (MEs), called lexicalization patterns (LPs).

Second, the study investigates the syntactic properties of LEsM that is concerned with the logical incorporation of surface forms to constitute motion events based on the conceptual basis of grammar, the construction grammar more precisely which includes argument structures and event structures. In doing so, the dissertation aims to establish several frameworks to analyze the semantics and syntax of LEsM and to elicit the similarities and differences in LEsM between English and Vietnamese in terms of semantic and syntactic properties. Concerning data analysis, the study draws on some main methods to collect as well as analyze the data, namely deductive and inductive, quantitative and qualitative, and descriptive methods. Moreover, the comparison may help the researcher recognize the major similarities and differences in LEsM between English and Vietnamese.

Besides the methods mentioned above, some other methods could be harnessed when necessary. The study reveals that both LPs and construction grammar of LEsM in English and Vietnamese were found and emerged with the remarkable similarities and differences. The result shows that the argument structures of LEsM in English and Vietnamese are relatively similar in terms of their distribution as well as frequency. In contrast, there are considerable differences in LEsM between English and Vietnamese in terms of semantic properties.

This can be expounded to be due to a variety of conceptual and cultural aspects. Therefore, the overall objective of the study is to investigate the semantics and syntax of LEsM in English and Vietnamese. From the results above, the dissertation suggests fundamental implications for language teaching and learning, linguistic research and translation. One of the results found in the dissertation will have practical implication for each domain.

iii LIST OF ABBRREVIATIONS Arg Argument AS Argument structure C Cause CR Cognitive representation SC Semantic component DI Direct F Figure G Ground INDI Indirect LEM Lexical expression of motion LEsCM Lexical expressions of caused motion LEsMM Lexical expressions of manner motion LEsPM Lexical expressions of path motion LP Lexicalization pattern Mn Manner MEs Motion events RelPATH Path relator RelPLACE Place relator S-framed Satellite-framed Se.E Semantic element Su.F Surface form P Preposition PP Prepositional phrase V-framed Verb-framed iv LIST OF FIGURES Fig. No Titles of figures Page Figure 1.1 Possible trajectories for The cat jumped over the wall.1 Two branches in cognitive linguistics 9 Figure 2.2 Four schematic systems within conceptual structuring system 11 Figure 2.3 Prospective direction (adapted from Talmy, 2000:74) 13 Figure 2.4 Retrospective direction (adapted from Talmy, 2000:75) 13 Figure 2.5 An overview of the conceptual structuring system 14 Figure 2.6 The symbolic unit (adapted from Langacker, 1987:77) 14 Figure 2.7 Types of bounded events 16 Figure 2.8 Types of unbounded events 17 Figure 2.9 Perfective and imperfective situation types 17 Figure 2.10 Composite and component structure 18 Figure 2.11 A frame of motion events 20 Figure 2.12 S-framed and V-framed languages 23 Figure 2.13 Idealized types of motion verbs 25 Figure 2.14 Schema of LEsMM 27 Figure 2.15 Schema of LEsPM 28 Figure 2.16 Schema of LEsCM 30 Figure 2.17 A manner motion event in English and Turkish 32 Figure 2.18 Jackendoff’s (1983) typology of paths 33 Figure 2.19 Pantcheva’s (2011) typology of paths 34 Figure 3.1 Triangle of methodological approaches in cognitive linguistics 37 Figure 3.2 Stages in language approach 38 Figure 3.3 Stages in cognition approach 39 Figure 3.4 Stages in usage-based approach 40 Figure 3.5 Stages in deductive method 41 Figure 3.6 Stages in inductive method 42 Figure 3.7 Stages in qualitative method 43 Figure 3.8 Schema of analytical frameworks 50 Figure 3.9 Lexicalization patterns 51 Figure 3.10 The caused motion construction 56 v Fig. No Titles of figures Page Figure 3.11 Reproduction of Microsoft Excel 57 Figure 3.12 WordSmith Software (Tran Huu Phuc) 57 Figure 3.13 Concordance Tool with the word account 58 Figure 3.14 Wordlist tool 58 Figure 3.15 Finding the word “walk” with Foxit reader 59 Figure 4.1 A Schematization of a LEsMM 60 Figure 4.2 The schematic representation of a path and its components 73 Figure 4.3 The route path 88 Figure 5.1 The Schematization of LEsPM 96 Figure 5.2 The trajectory of arise, ascend and rise 106 Figure 5.3 Simultaneous motion of the path verbs 107 Figure 5.4 Vertical and arc-like trajectory 108 Figure 5.5 Trajectory of come, enter and go 108 Figure 5.6 The trajectory of the verb pass 109 Figure 5.7 The direction conflated into the verb trở lại 120 Figure 5.8 The direction conflated into the verb qua 120 Figure 6.1 The Schematization of LEsCM 130 Figure 6.2 Motional styles of carry and drag 135 Figure 6.3 The paths of through and across 143 Figure 6.4 The path of around or round 143 Figure 6.5 The path of over 144 vi LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS Table. No Titles of tables Page Table 2.1 Levin Classes of Verbs Involving Motion 26 Table 3.1 Motion verbs and prepositions in English and Vietnamese 49 Table 3.2 Samples of LEsM in English and Vietnamese 49 Table 4.1 Argument structures of LEsMM in English 61 Table 4.2 Event structures of LEsMM in English 64 Table 4.3 Lexicalization patterns of the manner verbs in English 66 Table 4.4 Lexicalization patterns of the prepositions in English 70 Table 4.5 Path relations of the preposition in English 74 Table 4.6 Directional relations of the prepositions in English 75 Table 4.7 Argument structures of LEsMM in Vietnamese 76 Table 4.8 Event structures of LEsMM in Vietnamese 79 Table 4.9 Lexicalization patterns of the manner verbs in Vietnamese 81 Table 4.10 Lexicalization patterns of the prepositions in Vietnamese 86 Table 4.11 Path relation of the prepositions in Vietnamese 89 Table 4.12 Directional relation of the prepositions in Vietnamese 90 Table 4.13 Lexicalization patterns of the manner verbs in English and Vietnamese 91 Table 4.14 Event structures of LEsMM in English and Vietnamese 93 Table 5.1 Argument structures of LEsPM in English 97 Table 5.2 Event structures of LEsPM in English 100 Table 5.3 Lexicalization patterns of the path verbs in English 102 Table 5.4 Lexicalization patterns of directions into the path verbs in English 104 Table 5.5 Argument structures of LEsPM in Vietnamese 111 Table 5.6 Event structures of LEsPM in Vietnamese 114 Table 5.7 Lexicalization patterns of the path verbs in Vietnamese 115 Table 5.8 Lexicalization patterns of the paths in Vietnamese 117 Table 5.9 Event structures of LEsPM in English and Vietnamese 123 Table 5.10 Lexicalization patterns of the path verbs in English 124 Table 6.1 Argument structures of LEsCM in English 131 Table 6.2 Event structures of LEsCM in English 133 Table 6.3 Lexicalization patterns of the cause verbs in English 137 Table 6.4 Lexicalization patterns of the cause into the cuase verbs in English 138 vii Table.

No Titles of tables Page Table 6.5 Lexicalization patterns of the Paths in English 140 Table 6.6 Argument structures of LEsCM in Vietnamese 144 Table 6.7 Event structures of LEsCM in Vietnamese 146 Table 6.8 Lexicalization patterns of SC into the cause verbs in Vietnamese 149 Table 6.9 Lexicalization patterns of Cause into the cause verbs in Vietnamese 151 Table 6.10 Lexicalization patterns of Paths into the cause verbs in Vietnamese 153 Table 6.11 Event structures of LEsCM in English and Vietnamese 156 Table 6.12 Lexicalization patterns LEsCM in English and Vietnamese 157 Chart No Titles of charts Page Chart 4.1 Argument structures of LEsMM in English and Vietnamese 92 Chart 5.1 Argument structures of LEsPM in English and Vietnamese 122 Chart 6.1 Argument structures of LEsCM in English and Vietnamese 155 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP………………………………………………………………. iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS …………………………………………………………………. iv LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………… v LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS……………………………………………………………. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………….

ix Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………… 1 1. The aims of the study………………………. The scope of the study…………………. The contribution of the study…………….

Organization of the dissertation………. 5 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND…. Motion in language ……………………………………………………. Lexical expressions of motion……………………………………………….

Review of the previous studies on motion in language …………………………. Studies on the typology of motion verbs ……………………………………. Studies on prepositions …………. Studies on Lexicalization patterns…………………………………………….

36 ix Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………. Research questions restated ………………………………………………. Methodological approaches in cognitive linguistics …………………………. Usage-based approach ……………………………………………………… 39 3.

Sources of the data……………………………………………………………. Semantic component identification…………………………………………… 46 3. Data collection procedure ……………………………………………………. Statistical analysis tools…………………………………………………….

59 Chapter 4: LEXICAL EXPRESSIONS OF MANNER MOTION…………. LEsMM in English…………………………………………………………. Construction grammar of LEsMM in English………. Lexicalization patterns of LEsMM in English…………………………….

LEsMM in Vietnamese……………………………………………………… 75 4. Construction grammar of LEsMM in Vietnamese…. Lexicalization patterns of LEsMM in Vietnamese………………………. Discussion and conclusion ……………………….

Lexicalization patterns of manner verbs in English and Vietnamese……. Argument structures of LEsMM in English and Vietnamese ……………. Event structures of LEsMM in English and Vietnamese …. Dual and Single Functionality of the Paths in Vietnamese……………….

Invariability of the Paths in English………………………………………. 95 Chapter 5: LEXICAL EXPRESSIONS OF PATH MOTION………………. LEsPM in English…………………………………………………………… 97 5. Construction grammar of LEsPM in English…….

Lexicalization patterns of LEsPM in English………. LEsPM in Vietnamese ……………………………………………………… 111 5. Construction grammar of LEsPM in Vietnamese………………………… 111 5. Lexicalization patterns of LEsPM in Vietnamese………………………… 115 5.

Discussion and conclusion …………………………………………………. Argument structures of LEsPM in English and Vietnamese……………… 122 5. Event structures of LEsPM in English and Vietnamese………………….