Luận án Phật giáo Việt Nam tại Mỹ - Một nghiên cứu về Phật giáo Việt Nam tại Hoa Kỳ

Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2007 Vietnamese Buddhism in America Quang Minh Thich Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact lib-ir@fsu.edu THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES VIETNAMESE BUDDHISM IN AMERICA by QUANG MINH THICH A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Religion in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2007 Copyright © 2007 Quang Minh Thich All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the dissertation of Quang Minh Thich defended on July 9th, 2007. Erndl Professor Directing Dissertation ______________________________ David Johnson Outside Committee Member ______________________________ Bryan Cuevas Committee Member ______________________________ Amanda Porterfield Committee Member Approved: ________________________________________________ John Corrigan, Chair, Department of Religion The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Various sources of support from teachers, colleagues, and friends have greatly contributed to the completion of this dissertation.

I owe thanks to many people, a few of whom I name here, for supporting me in the accomplishment. First, I wish to thank Dr. Erndl, my dissertation advisor, whose encouragement, critical judgment, expertise, and moral support are indispensable to the clarity and coherence of this dissertation. I wish to express my gratitude to Dr.

Amanda Porterfield who has given me encouragement and constructive suggestion all along. I wish to thank Dr. David Johnson, who has offered time and moral support since I first arrived to the program. I wish to thank Dr.

Bryan Cuevas suggestive topics and friendly support. For final proofreading and editing, I also wish to thank my graduate colleagues in the Department of Religion and the Intensive English Center: Caleb Simmons, Roger Kott, Ty Nguyen and Loan-Lauren Phan Nguyen. I am deeply grateful to Dr. Weaver, the former Dean of Student Affairs, Mr.

Bridges, the Program Assistant of Department of Religion, for their unwavering support and for working with Dr. Erndl, my Graduate Advisor, in making my studies a possibility. Special thanks to Peggy Gary, Susan Minnerly, Roberta Christie, and Mafe Brooks whose friendly support and encouragement are always appreciated. For financial assistance through scholarship programs, I wish to thank the Congress of Graduate Students, the Office of the Provost, and the Office of Research, for awarding me the Fall 2005 Dissertation Research Grant of $500 and Mr.

Phung for bestowing on me the Fall 2006 Douglas Peterson Vietnamese Scholarship of $3000. These scholarship funds have been a great help to me in covering a part of the needed expenses of my research. For technical support and programming, I owe special thanks to Vinh Do, Minh Kien, and Minh Truc. For collecting data, I owe special thanks to Trinh Nguyen, Ty Nguyen, and Hao Nguyen, Fred G.

Henson, and Dieu Bao, Mai-Ly Nguyen, Minh Huy, Phuoc Thien, Viet Tran, Quang Vien, Quang Dinh, and Truong Nguyen. With my kind English teachers in mind, I wish to thank Mr. Bob Danks, Mrs. Antoinette Smith, Mrs.

Jolie Trumann, Mrs. Patricia O’Neil, Mrs. Gail Braverman, Mr. Henson who have instilled in me the love of English and an appreciation of the American way of life.

Finally, I wish to thank Thay Minh Tho who has helped to capture the scenes of the sacred Buddhist pilgrimage sites. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………… vi Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………. THE TRANSMISSION OF BUDDHISM TO VIETNAM. 21 A Brief History of Vienamese Buddhism……………………………………………….

24 The Tradition of Mantrayana of Vietnam………………………………………………. 40 The Pure Land Tradition of Vietnam…………………………………………………… 51 The Meditation Tradition of Vietnam…………………………………………………. The Vinǁtaruci Thiền (Zen) School…………………………………………. The Vô Ngôn Thông Zen School…………………………………………….

The Th o Đ ng Zen School………………………………………………… 75 4. The Trúc Lâm Zen School…………………………………………………… 79 Theravada Buddhism in Vietnam……………………………………………………. THE COMMUNIST SUPPRESSION OF BUDDHISM IN VIETNAM…………………. VIETNAMESE ZEN IN AMERICA……………………………………………………….

148 Thích Nh t H nh and Engaged Buddhism……………………………………………. 158 Thích Thiên Ân and the Vietnamese Zen tradition……………………………………. REVITALIZATION IN DIASPORA……………………………………………………… 224 International Buddhist Monastic Institute, San Fernando Valley……………. 232 Temple of Perfect Virtue, San Jose.

271 Temple of Pure Heart, Nashville…. ASSIMILATION, ADAPTATION, PILGRIMAGES AND INTERACTIONS…………. 310 Adaptation in Religious Symbol………………………………………………………. 310 Adaptations in the Major Roles and Activities of the Temple………………………… 323 Interaction between the Vietnamese Buddhist Tradition and Others………………….

344 Pilgrimages to the Sacred Buddhist Sites in India and Further Interactions……. ACHIEVEMENTS AND OBSTACLES…………………………………………………. 402 APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………………… 408 APPENDIX A: Approval from the Human Subjects Committee at FSU……………. 410 APPENDIX B: Questionnaire………………………………………………………… 412 APPENDIX C: The ū a gama Mantra with English translation…………………….

417 APPENDIX D: The Great Compassion DhƩra ǁ with English translation……………. 430 APPENDIX E: The Ten Minor Mantras with English translation……………………. 432 APPENDIX F: The U ǁsavijaya DhƩra ǁ………………………………………….…………………………………………………… 456 v LIST OF FIGURES 1. One Pillar Pagoda, a lotus on a pond of lotus, a national symbol…………………………… 22 2.

Vietnamese and Chinese Buddhist pilgrims during the seventh century…………. Nam-Viet as of 211 BC and the formation of Vietnam (939-1780)………………………… 38 4. Pháp Vân Temple (Chùa Dâu), Bắc Ninh Province………………………………………… 42 5. The statue of Pháp Vân (Dharma Cloud), with attendants………………………………….

The B o Tràng or Ratnadhvaja at Hoa L , Hà Nam Ninh Province………………………. Other Ratnadhvajas, with Chinese inscriptions of the Uṣṇīsavijayadh ranī………………. The Great Compassion Mantra, in Siddham-Sanskrit……………………………………… 47 9. The Thousand-Arm Avalokiteİvara at Bút Tháp Temple and Master Từ Đ o H nh in monastic robe at Thiên Phúc Temple…………………………………………………… 47 10.

The Surangama Mantra in Siddham-Sanskrit……………………………………………. The Zen Masters Pháp Loa and Huyền Quang, the promoters of the Surangama Sutra…. The Ku Ʃn AmitƩbha inscription, Mathura, India…………………………………………. Another photo of the Ku Ʃn AmitƩbha inscription and the image of AmitƩbha on the headdress of Avalokiteİvara, Mathura, India………………………………………….

The genealogical lineage of the Vinǁtaruci Zen School……………………………………. The genealogical lineage of the Vô Ngôn Thông Zen School……………………………. The genealogical lineage of the Th o Đ ng Zen School…………………………………. The genealogical lineage of the Trúc Lâm Zen School…………………………………… 83 18.

Thích Đôn Hậu (left). Thích Huyền Quang came to pay homage to a stupa of the later Supervisor of the Sangha Thích Tinh Khiết when he was briefly release (right)……. Thích Huyền Quang in ceremonial robe (left), Thích Qu ng Độ under house arrest (center), and Thích Quang Độ stands trail by the Communist authorities (right)……. The diplomatic letter from President Andrew Jackson to the Emperor Minh M ng and a page of the royal annals, Đại Nam Thực Lục Chính Biên, which recorded the second diplomatic mission headed by Edmund Roberts……………………………………….

Master Thích Qu ng Đức and a number of other Buddhist monks and nuns who Immolated themselves for the Buddhist course in 1963…. Self-immolation of Thích Qu ng Đức, June 11, 1963, Saigon, and his heart which survived the crematory fire……………………………………………………………. The Deer Park Monastery, in Escondido, San Diego, California………………………. Thích Nh t H nh together with monks and nuns in walking meditation………………… 163 25.

Thiên Ân leads the ordained monks and nuns at the College of Oriental Studies…. The International Meditation Center……………………………………………………… 203 27. The Vietnamese Temple (Chùa Việt Nam)…………. Thiên Ân, monks, nuns, and Buddhist followers welcomed Đức Niệm……………….

The number of Vietnamese Buddhist centers in the U. The percentage of the three main groups of Vietnamese Buddhist centers in the U.: (1) Mahayana, (2) Theravada, and (3) The Mendicant sect and other groups……. The number of Vietnamese Buddhist centers in each state in the U. The number of Vietnamese Buddhist centers in each state in the U.

The first Buddhist statues gracing a public road are at Ripley’s Believe It or Not in St. Augustine (Florida), the oldest city in the United States of America…. A closer look at the Dharma Protectors at the entrance of Ripley’s Believe It or Not Museum……………………………………………………………………………. The International Buddhist Monastic Institute (Phật Học Viện Qu c Tế), 2007……….

The Library of the Institute, with different sets of Tripitaka……………………………. The International Buddhist Monastic Institute at the beginning in 1982………………… 238 38. The International Buddhist Monastic Institute in 1991, after the first Renovation……. n Quang Temple in Saigon and its Ven.

Abbot Thích Thiện Hòa……………………… 244 40. The 1957 Abbot-Abbess classes of monks at Pháp Hội Temple and nuns at D ợc S Temple, under the training of the n Quang Institution…………………………. The Masters and the Three Leading Preceptors at the Thiện Hòa High Ordination……. The ceremonial procession of the Thiện Hòa Ordination at the Institute in 1983……….

Master Đức Niệm trains the new generations of nuns and monks at the International Buddhist Monastic Institute, California………………………………………………. The number of Buddhist Texts published by the Institute from 1981 to 2003. The books published by the International Buddhist Monastic Institute, with the SurangamaMantra near the ceiling…………………………………………………… 250 46. The Institute (Phật Học Viện Qu c Tế), an aerial view……….

The 1996 Grand Quadrennial Buddhist Conference hosted by the Institute……………. The members of the International Buddhist Sangha gather at the Institute……………… 260 49. Temple of Perfect Virtue (Chùa Đức Viên) newly built in 1999………………………… 272 50. Temple of Perfect Virtue, an aerial view…….

The new Main Hall of the Temple of Perfect Virtue……. Đàm Lựu seen in her various roles: dignified Master, humble initiator, and active recycling motivator…………………………………………………………………. The Abbess of D ợc S Temple, Ven. Nun Đàm So n………………………………….

The 1956 Nun Class at D ợc S Temple, Saigon, Vietnam……………………………. Awards to students at the Perfect Virtue (Đức Viên) Language School………. Teachers an students at the Đức Viên Language School…………………………………. Đàm Lựu together with the orphans at the Lumbini Orphanage and a typical class…….

Temple of Pure Heart (Chùa Tịnh Tâm) in Nashville……. An aerial view of the Temple of Pure Heart in Nashville………………………………… 297 60. The old house before being converted into the Temple of Pure Heart……………. The Temple of Pure Heart with its Main Hall renovated from the living room….

Trí Ch n with a visiting monk from India and a glimpse of Thiên M Pagoda, his root temple in Huế, Việt Nam……………………………………………. The typical routes taken by Ven. Trí Ch n in his Dharma tour using grey hound buses to reach 36 Buddhist centers in 55 days, from August 20 to October 13, 1998 (After flying out of Los Angeles to New Orleans). The Dharma Wheel at the Institute………….

A pattern of the Buddhist swastika on the ancient Dhamekh stupa, in Sarnath…………. Quang Minh Temple, Chicago……………………………………………………………. The Water and Land Incantation performed on October 22, 1989, by the Vietnamese Buddhist Venerables to bring peace and auspicious protection to the public beach at Lake Michigan……………………………………………………………………… 338 68. The Buddhists at Từ Đàm H i Ngo i, Texas, join the monk and nun for the Buddhist celebration.

The female Buddhists are dressing in their traditional Áo dài………. Musical performance in temple courtyard, the females hold their Quai thao hats……. A scene of going to the Perfume Temple…………………………………………………. The temple goer continues to receive inspiration to climb up the mountains to vist temples………………………………………………………………………….

Lumbini in Nepal (left) and Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya (right)…………………. Sarnath in Varanasi (left) and Kushinagara (right)………………………………………. The Viên Giác Institute and the Việt Nam Phật Qu c Tự in Bodh Gaya………………… 368 75. The Việt Nam Phật Qu c Tự in Lumbini and the Linh Son Buddhist Temple in Kushinagara………………………………………………………………………… 368 76.

Vietnamese Buddhist monks and nuns help to fund the Buddha project in public……. The Vietnamese Bridge, a memorable and life-saving gift to the local Indians…………. Thích Minh H nh brings gift to poor local students (left), and a well sponsored by the Vietnamese Buddhists through monk Đ ng Thuận of the Viên Giác Institute (right). The route taken by the Dhamma Vahan, the Dharma Chariot, organized by Udit Raj And Bhante Buddha Priya Rahula …………………………………………………….

Ambedkar (left) and Udit Raj who leads the Deeksha on Nov. A view of the grand Buddhist Deeksha at the Ambedkar Bhawan on Nov. A view of the Pure Land Buddhist Retreat………………………………………………. The retreatants with their brown and gray robes………………………………….

Buddhist monks, nuns, and supporting laity at the joint Summer Retreat………………. Entering the Main Hall for the Summer Retreat ceremony……………………………….