Luận án tiến sĩ quy lý năng lượng energy food water security nexus in viet nam

ENERGY-FOOD-WATER SECURITY NEXUS IN VIET NAM NGUYEN, THI ANH PHUONG Faculty of Engineering University of Technology, Sydney A dissertation submitted to the University of Technology, Sydney in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Energy Planning and Policy) 2019 i CERTIFICATE OF AUTHORSHIP/ORIGINALITY I, Thi Anh Phuong Nguyen declare that this thesis, is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the School of Information, Systems and Modelling at the University of Technology Sydney. This thesis is wholly my own work unless otherwise reference or acknowledged. In addition, I certify that all information sources and literature used are indicated in the thesis. This document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution.

This research is supported by the Australian Government Research Training Program. Signature of Candidate Nguyen, Thi Anh Phuong ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my great gratitude to all who have supported me over my Ph. I am grateful to Professor Deepak Sharma, my principle Supervisor, for his envisioning me to the world of languages, policy, history, philosophy and life that strengthens my endless love for my country - Việt Nam. His encouragement, support and insightful feedbacks are invaluable for my research which inspires me toward the positive in whatsoever that would happen otherwise.

The lessons from his criticisms, suggestions and ideas are well-taken, actually widely applicable in all-life aspects, and beyond the scope of this research. I am gratefully for my second Supervisor - Doctor Suwin Sandu, who has given me a solid foundation about Input-Output modelling – which is a fundamentally quantitative method to undertake this research. His advice during my flipped-classes help me a lot through tough periods of this journey. Thanks to the Faculty of Engineering of University of Technology Sydney and Bach Khoa University for providing the right type of environment and financial assistance for me to carry out this research.

I would like to especially thank my friends, colleagues in the Energy Planning and Policy Program for their encouragement and cheerful assistance. Particular thanks go to Garima, Kristy, Shegufa, Muyi, Mr Bagia, and Mr Swaminathan, for providing a consistent support, particularly as a medium of communications with my principle supervisor, while I was not in Sydney. Thanks to Anh Dũng, Trang and Giang for their good wishes and unconditional support me at OISP, MCI despite any possible inconveniences, mainly due to my unlikely study trips. Thanks to Chị Thảo – a great sister, who came to my life as a “gift” while I was at the bottom of the circle of this research.

Thanks to Mẹ Nguyên for her sympathy, understanding and encouragement so that I can go through this journey. Special thanks to Mom and Dad, Anh Hai, Chị Ba and family for your unquestionable belief, aspiration and pride for my long-life learning pathway. Finally, I’m grateful to my dear husband - Bình Phương, and my angels– Bon & Thỏ, who gave me utmost motivation and strength with their unconditional love during my PhD journey. I owe to you - all, and this life a giving-back for all of the wonders I received.

Thanks – all– for accepting me as I am. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of authorship/originality. i Table Of Contents. iii List of Tables.

vi List of Figures. vii Abbreviations/Glossary. xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION. 9 Methodological Research Framework.

10 Significance of this Research. 15 Research Scope and Data Considerations. 15 Organization of the thesis. 18 CHAPTER 2 HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF ENERGY-FOOD-WATER NEXUS IN VIETNAM.

20 CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW. 50 CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK. 85 iv CHAPTER 5 DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY-FOOD-WATER SECURITY SCENARIOS .125 CHAPTER 6 ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACTS OF ALTERNATIVE SCENARIOS.158 v CHAPTER 7 POLICY IMPLICATIONS & TRADE-OFFS IN VARIOUS SCENARIOS .229 CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH .267 APPENDICES APPENDIX A: Foundations of assessment of CO2 Emissions. 279 APPENDIX B: Data Preparation for Input-Output Modelling .282 APPENDIX C: nput-Output Modelling for Energy-Food-Water Scenarios .412 APPENDIX D: Assessments of impacts of CO2 emissions .554 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1: Data sources.

17 Table 3-1: Summary of energy-food-water nexus research. 57 Table 4-1: Model Coverage. 95 Table 4-2: Example of SC2 I-O Coefficient Table after established nested CES function.101 Table 4-3: Model Coverage for the SC3-Food Scenario I-O Table .105 Table 4-4: Model Coverage for the SC4-Water Scenario I-O Table .106 Table 4-5: Model Coverage for the Energy-Food-Water Nexus (SC5 & SC6) I-O .108 Table 4-6: Sectoral Classification of the 149 Sector Groups in the 2007 Vietnam I-O.115 Table 4-7: Model Coverage for the 2007 Vietnam I-O Table .119 Table 4-8: Energy Consumption in 2014 .122 Table 4-9: Value of Carbon Emission Factors by Two Conversion-Unit Rates .123 Table 5-1: Technological choices and development strategies for various scenarios .133 Table 5-2: Key Scenarios Features .152 Table 6-1: Energy demand in various scenarios during 2014–2030 .161 Table 6-2: Growth rate of energy demand in various scenarios during 2014–2030 (%/year).165 Table 6-3: Primary energy intensity (toe/million dollars) .168 Table 6-4: Total employment in various scenarios .205 Table 6-5: Changes in GDP among scenarios (2014-2030) .210 Table 6-6: Trade balance in Vietnam in various scenarios ($US million).214 Table 6-7: Total emissions by sectors .223 Table 6-8: Summary of scenario outcomes during 2014–2030 .228 Table 7-1: Energy-Food-Water Security: 2014 – 2030 (SC1) .230 Table 7-2: Energy-Food-Water Security: 2014 – 2030 (SC1, SC2).234 Table 7-3: Energy-Food-Water security: 2014 – 2030 (SC1, SC2 AND SC3).238 Table 7-4: Energy-Food-Water Security: 2014 – 2030 (SC1, SC2, SC3, and SC4) .5: Energy-Food-Water Securities: 2014–2030 (SC1, SC2, SC3, SC4, SC5) .247 Table 7-6: Energy-Food-Water Security: 2014 – 2030 .252 Table 7-7: Trade-Offs In Social, Economic, And Environmental Outcome in Scenarios .258 Table 7-8: Summary of Policy Objectives, Scenario Outcomes, and Policy Concerns .261 Table 7-9: Summary of Scenarios’ Outcomes .263 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1: Vietnam’s Total Primary Energy Supply: 2006–2015. 5 Figure 1-2: Rice Production in Vietnam, 1961–2012.

7 Figure 1-3: Food Production Surplus and Consumption per capita in Vietnam, 1960–2005. 8 Figure 1-4: Methodological Research Framewor. 12 Figure 2-1: Vietnam’s expansion towards the South. 29 Figure 2-2: Arable land in Vietnam: 1990-2012.

41 Figure 4-1: Overall Methodological Research Framework. 86 Figure 4-2: Input-Output Modelling Approach. 88 Figure 4-3: The I-O Basic Structure. 91 Figure 4-4: Extended I-O Table with Energy, Food and Water Sectors.

94 Figure 4-5: Typical Nesting Structure of I-O Coefficients. 98 Figure 4-6: Nesting Structure of SC2 - Energy Scenario .100 Figure 4-7: Nesting Structure of SC3 - Food Scenario .102 Figure 4-8: Nesting Structure of SC4 - Water Scenario .102 Figure 4-9: Nesting Structure of Energy-Food-Water Nexus Scenarios after establishing nested CES function .103 Figure 5-1: Key attributes for the Impact Assessment of different scenarios .127 Figure 5-2: Population Growth during 1984 – 2030 .136 Figure 5-3: The Ratio Of Electricity Output And Power Capacity In 2016 .137 Figure 6-1: Energy demand in SC1-BAU .159 Figure 6-2: Total primary energy demand, various scenarios.160 Figure 6-3: Energy demand in various scenarios during 2014–2030 (MToe) .162 Figure 6-4: Share of fuel type in primary energy demand, various scenarios (%) .163 Figure 6-5: Share of fuel type in final energy demand in various scenarios (%) .164 Figure 6-6: Changes in primary energy demand, various scenarios .166 Figure 6-7: Energy intensity trends in Vietnam .167 Figure 6-8: Energy intensity changes in Vietnam .170 Figure 6-9: Trends in energy conversion efficiency in Vietnam.172 Figure 6-10: Changes in energy conversion efficiencies in Vietnam .174 Figure 6-11: Energy diversification changes: 2014 - 2030.176 Figure 6-12: Energy diversity changes: 2014 - 2030 .177 Figure 6-13: Energy import-dependency: 2014 - 2030 .178 Figure 6-14: Impacts of alternative scenarios on energy imports .180 Figure 6-15: Shares of household energy consumption: 2014 - 2030 .181 Figure 6-16: Energy affordability changes: 2014 -2030.182 Figure 6-17: Food accessibility ratio in scenarios.184 Figure 6-18: Food accessibility ratio in comparison among scenarios .186 Figure 6-19: Food Import Dependency and Value of Food Import Ratio .187 viii Figure 6-20: Food import dependency ratio in comparison among scenarios .188 Figure 6-21: Value of food affordability ratio, various scenarios .191 Figure 6-22: Food affordability ratio in comparison among scenarios .191 Figure 6-23: Water availability: 2014-2030 .193 Figure 6-24: Water demand and per capita demand, various scenarios .196 Figure 6-25: Changes in water demand in 2030 compared with 2014 .196 Figure 6-26: Comparison of changes in water demand between scenarios .197 Figure 6-27: Water stress in various scenarios (2014–2030).199 Figure 6-28: Water intensities for Vietnam in various scenarios, 2014–2030 .202 Figure 6-29: Changes in water intensity compared with 2014 (%) .203 Figure 6-30: Water intensity reductions in Vietnam, 2014–2030 .204 Figure 6-31: Employment growth rate .206 Figure 6-32: Change in employment, varios scenarios .207 Figure 6-33: Employment of economic sectors in various scenarios .207 Figure 6-34-a: GDP Growth, GDP Growth Rate: 1985 – 2030 (Various Scenarios) .209 Figure 6-34-b: Share of economic sectors in GDP: 1990 - 2030 .211 Figure 6-35: Changes 8n Trade Balance in 2030, compared with SC1-BAU.215 Figure 6-36: Investment Requirment For Infrastructure, various Scenarios .218 Figure 6-37: Share of Investment in Infrastructure, various Scenarios (%).219 Figure 6-38: Additional Investment for Power Sector (compared with SC1-BAU) .221 Figure 6-39: Share Of Co2 Emissions By Scenarios .223 Figure 6-40: Change of total emissions in 2030 compared with others .224 Figure 7-1: Trade-offs between Energy-Food-Water Securities: 2014-2030 (SC1) .229 Figure 7-2: Trade-Offs between Energy-Food-Water Securities: 2014-2030 (SC1, SC2) .233 Figure 7-3: Trade-offs between Energy-Food-Water Securities: 2014-2030 (SC1, SC3) .237 Figure 7-4: Trade-offs between Energy-Food-Water Securities: 2014-2030 (SC1, and SC4).241 Figure 7-5: Trade-offs between Energy-Food-Water Securities: 2014-2030 (SC1 and SC5).246 Figure 7-6: Trade-offs between Energy-Food-Water Securities: 2014-2030 (SC1, SC6) .250 Figure 7-7: Energy-Food-Water Security Trade-Offs in alternative scenarios .255 Figure 7-8: Trade-Offs in Economic, Social and Environmental Indicators across scenarios .257 Figure 7-9: Summary Of Impacts And Policy Implications In All Scenarios .265 ix ABBREVIATIONS/GLOSSARY ADB Asian Development Bank ADV Advanced Scenario APEC Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations BCE Before the Common Era CES Constant Elasticity Substitution CGE Computable General Equilibrium CLEW Climate, Land, Energy, and Water CO2 Carbon Dioxide CPV Communist Party of Vietnam DO Diesel Oil DSI Data Sciences International ECHAM4 European Centre Hamburg Model, 4th edition E-F-W Energy-Food-Water ESCAP The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific EVN Vietnam Corporation of Electricity FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FEM Fixed Effects Model GDP Gross Domestic Product GMS Greater Mekong Sub-region GSO General Statistics Office GSOVN General Statistics Office of Vietnam GW Giga Watt ICOR Incremental Capital and Output Ratio IEA International Energy Agency IFS International Food Standard IGCC Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle IMF International Monetary Fund IO Input–Output KVA Kilo Volt-Ampere x Laos’ PDR Laos Peoples Democratic Republic LCA Life Cycle Analysis MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MENA Middle East and North Africa MOD Moderate Scenario MOIT Ministry of Investment and Trade MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MW Mega Watt NSSO National Sample Survey Office NSW New South Wales OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development REM Random Effects Model SC1-BAU Scenario 1 - Business as Usual SC2-Energy Scenario 2 - Energy SC3-Food Scenario 3 - Food SC4-Water Scenario 4 - Water SC5-E-F-W Scenario 5 - Energy- Food- Water SC6-Low Carbon Scenario 6 - Low Carbon SERC South-East River Cluster TOE Tonnes of Oil Equivalent UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP The United Nations Environment Programme USDA United States Department of Agriculture VCGM Vietnam Competitive Generation Market VCP Vietnam Communist Party WB World Bank WEM Water-Extraction Mechanism xi ABSTRACTS The security of Energy, Food and Water (EFW) – basic human necessities – have lately emerged as a key policy challenge for the Vietnamese policy-makers.