Luận án tiến sĩ: Characterization of soil behavior using electromagnetic wave-based technique

Characterization of Soil Behavior using Electromagnetic Wave-based Technique by Xiaobo DONG A Thesis Submitted to The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering August 2006, Hong Kong UMI Number: 3245367 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.

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Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 Authorization I hereby declare that I am the sole author of the thesis. I authorize the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology to lend this thesis to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I further authorize the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology to reproduce the thesis by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. Ware Xi 2 Xiaobo DONG August 2006 ii Characterization of Soil Behavior using Electromagnetic Wave-based Technique by Xiaobo DONG This is to certify that I have examined the above PhD thesis and have found that it is complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the thesis examination committee have been made.

\ ý ĐÀ Họng Wang, Supervisor Prof. Moe M S Cheun epartment head Department of Civil Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology August 2006 Hi Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to take this opportunity to express sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Yu-Hsing Wang, for his patient guidance, continuous support throughout the past four years. Without his persistent encouragement and support, this thesis could not be finalized.

Besides that, as a mentor and friend, his knowledge, perseverance and insight advice benefit not only my research but also my whole life. I would like to acknowledge the members of my thesis committee, Drs. Hsu, and Albert T. Yeung, for their careful review of the thesis manuscript and valuable suggestions and comments.

Special gratitude is given to Dr. Li for providing the precision impedance analyzer, one of the key devices for the laboratory measurement in this thesis. I am especially grateful to W. He offers great help in preparing the kaolinie samples, which costs more than half a year.

I would also like to thank the technicians, Kenny Ma and Michael Chung, who offered many suggestions and assistance to my laboratory experiments. My sincere thanks also go to my colleagues at HKUST, especially the friends in the Hydraulic Engineering and Geotechnical Engineering groups. Finally, I am most grateful to my family. I could not have done it without their cheerful encouragement and dedicated support.

I should like to dedicate this thesis to my parents and my fiancée. iv Table of Contents Title page ol Authorization Page ii Signature Page iii Acknowledgements Page iv Table of Contents v List of Tables x List of Figures xi Abstract xvi CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 CHAPTER 2 Literature Review and Background 4 2.1 Relaxation and T€SOnATC€. -- LG nọ ve 6 2.2 Classification of polarizatilon mechan1SIS.5 Kramers-Kronig relatiOTShIDS.-- -- -- - ST ng vn ky 10 2.6 Relationship between material properties and measured parameter. cọ HT nọ tre 12 2.3 Polarization of mixture.1 Componential D€TTIẨ[ÏVIẨY.

GoTH ng và 14 2. Mixture DeTII([IVIV. nà 18 VI NNĐ (loi s9 0: vàn. ẽo an na e.- HH HH g0 kh ke 28 2.

Adsorbed wafer in rIXẨUTC. HH HT nọ yg 29 2. Temperature effect (thermodielectric effect) on adsorbed water.4 Dielectric properties in low frequency range 33 2.-- cọ TH nề 34 2.5 Dielectric properties in high frequency range 37 2.6 Relevance of electromagnetic properties to soil characteristics .1 VolumetriC Waft€T COTI€TI. Local VOI ral O.

Fabric arrangement by permittivity due to field perturbation.4 Fabric arrangement by permittivity due to interfacial polarization .5 Fabric arrangement by DC COTIUCfIVIẨY. HH» Hưng Hee 40 CHAPTER 3 A Broadband Permittivity Measurement Technique: Theory and Experimental Verifications 47 3.2 Aperture admittance models 48 3. The high-frequency measurement (HF, 500 MHz ~ 20 GHZ).1 Aperture admittance modeÌ.2 Calibration of the measurement SYSTEM .4 The medium-frequency measurement (ME, 10 MHz ~ 1 GH:).1 Aperture admittance 1nođ€Ì.-- -- -- - << << 1 HH HH tre 53 3.2 Frequency- and material-independent fringe capacitance Cy and 960160/0/:)) 2. Calibration of the measuremenf SYS{€TT.5 The low-frequency measurement (1 KHZ ~ 15 MHZ).cccccccccssccceccsssssceeces 56 Eh VÀ.

20 6a cao na ae.2 Calibration of the measurement SySteM .6 Measurement system and experimental setup 58 3.1 HE and MĨE measuremeriS. - - < cọ HH nen ke 58 3.- - - -- - cọ nọ ke 60 3.7 Results of experimental verifications 60 3.1 Pure ethanol and methanol.2 Electrolyte miX{UT€S. HH TT re 62 3.8 Summary and conclusion 65 CHAPTER 4 Effects of pH-induced Structure on the Dielectric Properties of Kaolinite Sediment 75 4.2 pH effects on surface charges and associated fabric formations .3 Material and sample preparation 77 4.5 Data processing procedures .1 Measurement In the supernatant ]1QuU1d.2 Measurement In the sedimernt.6 Experimental results and discussion 84 4. Bulk wat€T DOÏ4T1ZAfÍOTI.-QQ HT ng 0 1 1k vn ky 84 4.2 Bound wat€r pOÏ4T1Z8(IOTN.

Spatlal pOÌar1ZatIOT. SH HH ng tr 89 C166 09c. co an ẻẻe. 93 CHAPTERS5 Complementary Wave-based Characterizations of Sedimentation Processes.2 Material and sample preparation 107 5.1 Setup and testing prOC€dUF€S.

Measurement of dieÌleCfrIC DfODT(I€S.4 Experimental results and discussion 112 5.1 re 113 Sedimentation behavVIOT.2 Wave-based characterization — shear wave veÌOCIY. Wave-based characterization — dielectrIC DTOD€TfI€S.5 Conclusion 125 CHAPTER6 Characterizing the Spatial Variability in Soils by the EM-wave Based Technique 142 6.2 Parameters used in this StUdy.--- - HH ng vn 145 6.3 Material and sample prebaration 146 6.1 Granular maf€rlaÌ. --- - co ng ni y xx 146 6.- nh nh hờ 0i nà 000 Là 147 6.1 Sensors and testing arranØ©Im€TI.2 Testing DrOC€UT€S.QQQ LH vin 6.3 Data proCesSing DFOC€CUT€S.5 Experimental results and điscussion — granular materials.1 Conductivity and (OTEUOSIẨY.2 Porosity estimation using MIXiNg TUÌ€S.6 Experimental results and discussion — kaolinite sediments .1 Porosity and particle size distribution.2 ConductIVIty chafaCf€TIS{ICS. Úc HH ng ee 159 6.7 Conclusion 161 CHAPTER7 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Stud y.

A broadband permittivity measurement technique: theory and experimental V€TIÍICAf1OTIS.2 Effects of pH-induced structure on the dielectric properties of kaolinite S€CÏITTI. Complementary wave-based characterizations of sedimentation PTOCESSES .4 Characterizing the spatial variability in soils by the EM-wave based tCChTQUC.2 Future Work 179 References. 181 ix List of Tables Table 2.1 Dielectric constant of typical mater1aÌS.2 A brief summary of mixing fOrmulasS.3 Dielectric constant of adsorbed Waf€T. - HH nen 42 Table 3.1 Parameters of the equivalent circuit used for the MF measurement.

TT TT ch tt c 67 Table 3.2 Parameters of the Cole-Cole spectral function obtained from the measurements in this study and complied from the reference data for pure ethanol and methanol. HH ng v 67 Table 3.3 A comparison of measured, theoretical, and derived DC conductivities (4éS/cm) for NaCl solutions with different COTC€TTAfÏOTS. Họ HH nọ go và 67 Table 4.1 The parameters of the Cole-Cole spectrum for bulk water and the porosity of the kaolinite sedimen(. ch HH he, 96 Table 4.2 The parameters of the Cole-Cole spectrum for bound water 8915151017021.3 The parameters of the Cole-Cole spectrum for spatial polarization.4 The DC conductivity of the pore fluids and kaolinite sediments.1 Summary of the materlaÏ DFOD€TÍI€S.-- HH kh 163 List of Figures Fig.1 Relaxation and resonance (Santamarina et al.

cu HH nh ke 43 Fig. nen vế 43 Fig. on ng ke.6 Polarization spectrum (Santamarina et al.8 Depolarization dependence on aSDe€C TAfÍO.- Gv hee 44 Fig.9 'Three-phase spherical particle configuratiOn.10 Volumetric water content vs dielectric constant for six configurations (Friedman, 1998).12 Permittivity vs water content (Jones & Or, 2002).1 The dimensions of the 2.2 mm open-ended coaxial probe used in this study (Agilent 85070-60009). QUY ngư 68 Fig.2 The geometry of an open-ended coaxial probe with a conductive FLAN GO.3 A one-port calibration model for the HE measuremeni.4 The Geometry of an open-ended coaxial probe and the equivalent circuit for the aperture admittance model (after Stuchly et al.5 Contribution of G, and Cy to the normalized aperture admittance.6 The equivalent circuit used in the LF calibration.7 "The experimental setup for the dielectric property measuremert.8 The relative permittivity spectra of ethanol.

The solid line represents the best fit of the relative loss factor due to DC conductivity in the LF measurement and denotes the optimized curve fitting with the Cole-Cole function in the MF and HF T€ASUT€TTHTIẨS. TQ HH ng Ti th Hi KH 72 xi Eig.9 The relative permittivity spectra of methanol. The solid line represents the best fit of the relative loss factor due to DC conductivity in the LF measurement and denotes the optimized curve fitting with the Cole-Cole function in the MF and HF I€ASUT€TTTS.QQQQ HH ng HH HT nà 72 Fig.10 The relative permittivity spectra of the three NaCl solutions with different concentrations. The solid line indicates the best fit of the relative loss factor due to DC conductivity.

ieee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 73 Fig.11 The relative permittivity spectra of kaolin slurry. The solid line represents the contribution of DC conductivity to the relative loss ẨAC(OT K”.12 Multiple relaxations of kaolin slurry. The solid lines represent the best fit with the Cole-Cole function. The dotted and dash-dotted lines indicate the two relaxation peaks due to adsorbed water polarization and interfacial pDOÌar1ZzafiOT\.

Ánh re 74 Fig.1 The dielectric spectrum of a clay-water mixture and the associated polarization mechanisms (based on Ishida et al., 2000; Santamarina et al. Notations: «’ is the dielectric constant (real part), A’ is the relative loss factor (imaginary part), & is the permittivity of the free space, wis the angular frequency, and Opc 1S the DC condUCVIEV. sọ re 98 Fig.2 The samples used this study — kaolinite sediments with different pore-fluid pH (or different fabric formatiOn8).4 The schematic diagram of the testing configuration used to detect the effective measurement range of the slim form probe.5 Results of the effective range measurement: (a) the forward effective range; (b) the backward effective range; (c) the radial ©ÍÍ€C{IV€ TAT€. Q0 Họ th 0 0000094 101 Fig.6 The dielectric spectrum of supernatant liquid.

The solid line represents the loss only due to the DC conductivity (i.7 The dielectric spectra of the supernatant liquid as a function of the DC conductivity: (a) for the relative loss factor «”; (b) for the CIel€CtTIC COTSỈADT X”.QQ TQ 0Q HH HT HH như nh nh cv hy 103 Fig.8 The multiple Cole-Cole relaxation spectra of the kaolinite sediment, which, from high to low frequencies, corresponds to bulk water polarization, bound water polarization and spatial polarization: (a) K’ spectrum; (b) A” speCtrum. - cv, 104 xii Fig.9 The structure of bond water (modified from Mashimo et al. G030 11191115511 Ko TT 1 010 T11 1 1 0T crh 105 Fig.10 The conductivity ratio (i., the # value) of kaolinite sediment with different pore-fluid pH. ---- HH HH kg.1 The details of the tailor-made stainless steel celÏ.2 The arrangement of the peripheral eÌleCtrOTICS.3 The time delay caused by the filter and amplIfier.4 The effectiveness of the arrangement to remove the embedded time delay by the filter and ampÌIÍI€T.5 Sedimentation behavior: (a) sample A (pH = 3.6 Sediment volume as a function of time: (a) sample A (pH = 3.