Dissertation assessment of the adaptive capacity of women and men to climate cha

ASSESSMENT OF THE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY OF WOMEN AND MEN TO CLIMATE CHANGE: A CASE STUDY IN QUANG NINH DISTRICT, QUANG BINH PROVINCE, VIETNAM MASTER’S THESIS ASSESSMENT OF THE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY OF WOMEN AND MEN TO CLIMATE CHANGE: A CASE STUDY IN QUANG NINH DISTRICT, QUANG BINH PROVINCE, VIETNAM MAJOR: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT CODE: 8900201.02QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISORS PROF. TETSUJI ITO DR. DUONG KIM ANH Hanoi, 2023 PLEDGE I assure that this thesis is the result of my own research and has not been published. The use of other research results and documents complies with regulations.

The citations and references to documents, books, research papers, and websites must be in the list of references of the thesis. Author of the thesis ACKNOWLEDGMENT I am eternally thankful to my master's program supervisors, Professor Tetsuji ITO and Dr Duong Kim Anh, for their unfailing support and advice. Their expertise and patience have been meaningful to me and have been critical to the accomplishment of my thesis. I am grateful to authoritites of Tan Ninh and Duy Ninh communes for allowing me to collect data and for all of the resources and assistance they gave.

I would want to thank Ms Hoa, Ms Tuyen, and Ms Thuong in particular for going above and beyond to assist me with my work. I would also want to thank all of my professors for taking part in my thesis committee and offering insightful input and ideas. Their ideas and advices were invaluable in shaping my study and this thesis. From the bottom of my heart, I also want to thank the lecturers at Vietnam Japan University for the lessons in knowledge and for sharing lessons in life.

I am deeply thankful to my friends and family for their love and support during this process. I could not have finished my adventure without their encouragement and inspiration. I would also like to thank my colleagues at Gender and Development Faculty, Vietnam Women's Academy for their help and collaboration during my study. I would want to thank my classmates in Master Climate Change and Development program intake 6 in particular for their moral support.

Finally, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to all of the reseach participants in my study. Their willingness to share their experiences and insights has been invaluable to my research and has helped to make this thesis a completion. Thank you for your time and contribution. I am grateful to everyone who has supported me throughout this process.

Without your help and guidance, this thesis would not have been possible. FOREWORD This thesis was written for the Master's program in Climate Change and Development at Vietnam Japan University. The topic of this graduate thesis is ―Assessment of the adpative capacity to climate change of women and men: A case study in Quang Ninh district, Quang Binh province, Vietnam‖. This thesis is to study the ability of local people to adapt to climate change, focusing on the social aspect under the gender perspective to find out the gender difference in the ability to adapt to climate change.

This is an interesting research topic but also challenging when gender research in climate change is an interdisciplinary issue. The research was carried out for five months with the efforts of the author and the help of supervisors as well as other individuals and organizations. Research on gender in climate change is a difficult topic, therefore, it cannot avoid shortcomings and limitations. I am looking forward to receiving comments to improve my Master‘s thesis report.

For all comments, please send them to email at thuyella.com Sincerely thank you! TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES. i LIST OF FIGURES. ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. The necessity of the research.

Research objectives and tasks. Research object and scope of the research. Research questions and hypotheses. Limitations of this research.

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BASIS .1 Overview of gender issues and climate change .2 The adaptive capacity of women and men to climate change .1 Gender - climate change framework .2 Sustainable livelihood framework .3 Social network theory. Relevant documents and policies .2 Document analysis method.3 Questionnaire survey method .4 In-depth interview .5 Data statistical and analysis. Characteristics of the respondents .1 Characteristics of survey‘s respondents. Characteristics of in-depth interview respondents.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The status of the adaptive capacity to climate change of women and men and gender differences. Awareness of women and men about climate change. Access to services and resources when climate change, natural disasters and extreme weather events occur.

The support that local men and women received to adapt to climate change 46 4. Factors affecting the adaptive capacity to climate change of women and men 52 4. Factors affecting the adaptive capacity of local people to climate change. Factors affecting gender differences in the adaptive capacity of women and men to climate change.

Recommendations to enhance the adaptive capacity of women and men to climate change. Recommendation for local authorities. Recommendation to socio-political organizations and others. 64 Appendix 1: Questionnaire for local people.

68 Appendix 2: In-depth interview for local women. 83 Appendix 3: In-depth interview for local men. 86 Appendix 4: In-depth interview for local authorities. 89 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 3.

General characteristics of survey‘s respondents. Average monthly income of local people. General characteristics of in-depth interview respondents. Access to resources and services when climate change and disasters occur.

Organizations and individuals that people receive support when climate change and natural disasters occur. Factors affecting the adaptive capacity to climate change of local people. i LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1: Analytical framework of the research……………………………………….1: Gender - climate change framework .2: The five capitals considered in the sustainable livelihood approach .1: Occupation of local people .2: Average monthly income of local people by characteristics .1: Channels to get information about climate change .2: The limitation of training courses and seminars .3: Manifestations of climate change and local natural disasters .4: Recovery time for damage caused by climate change and natural disasters .5: Support activities that local people received to respond to climate change and natural disaster .6: Responding to gender needs for relief and support activities .7: The status of women and men received financial aid .8: Factors affecting the difference between women and men in the adaptive capacity to climate change. ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CC Climate change DFID Department for International Development DRR Disaster Risk Reduction FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations INDCs Intended Nationally Determined Contributions IPCC The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISPONRE Institute of Strategy and Policy on Natural Resources and Environment MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment SDGs Sustainable Development Goals iii CHAPTER 1.

INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 of the study is an introduction part. In this chapter, the author presents some general problems of research, including (1) the necessity of the research, (2) analytical framework, (3) research objectives and tasks, (4) research object and scope of the research, (5) research questions and hypotheses, (6) limitations of the research. The necessity of the research Climate change has had a significant impact on socio-economic development, natural resources and environment in Vietnam. Precipitation unpredictability, the temperature rises, and severe disasters such as storms, floods, droughts, and saline intrusion are all key repercussions of climate change (Mai Trong Nhuan et al.

The average annual temperature in most regions of the country has increased, from 1958 to 2018 it increased by about 0.91oC, on average by 0. In most areas of increased extreme rainfall, unseasonal rain and anomalous rain occurred more frequently. Sea level in the whole coastal strip increases by about 3. Quang Binh is one of the country's twenty most hazardous provinces.

Storms, floods, whirlwinds, river and sea bank erosion, and saline intrusion are all threats to the province (ISPONRE, 2016). According to the climate change scenario in 2021, in the middle of the 21st century, in Quang Binh, the average annual temperature increase corresponding to the RCP4.5 scenarios according to different models is 1. At the end of the 21st century, the average annual temperature increase for the RCP4.5 scenarios according to different models is 2. Regarding the sea level rise scenario, if the sea level rises by 100 cm, about 2.54% of the area of Quang Binh province is at risk of being flooded.56% of the area) has a higher risk of flooding than the province's average (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2021).

1 The ability of a system to change its traits or behaviours to increase its coping range under current or future climate conditions is known as adaptive capacity (Nick Brooks & W. It is vital to strengthen adaptive capacity through supporting adaptive behaviour to lessen vulnerability to climate change impacts (Barry Smit & Johanna Wandel, 2006). The adaptive capacity studies aim to identify existing adaptive plans and strategies to improve climate risk adaptation (Vietnam Institute of Meteorology, hydrology and environment, 2010). Several studies have recently been done in Vietnam to propose methods to minimize susceptibility and improve adaptation to climate change, such as assessing the adaptive capacity of coastal urban households to climate change in Lien Chieu district, Da Nang city, Vietnam (Mai Trong Nhuan et al., 2015) and assessing the adaptive capacity of households to climate change: a case study in Quang Dien District, Thua Thien Hue Province (Tran Cong Dung et al.

Climate change adaptation is currently being addressed in a variety of sectors and scales to achieve specific socio-natural system objectives (Mai Trong Nhuan et al. Wherein humans play a significant role in a sophisticated socio-natural system that seems to be sensitive to climate change. Women and men are experiencing climate change in different ways, as gender inequalities persist around the world, affecting individuals' and communities' ability to adapt (International Union of Conservation of Nature, 2015). Quang Binh is one of the cities that are strongly threatened by climate change.

To determine their sensitivity to climate change and to suggest solutions, an evaluation of people's ability to adapt to it in Quang Binh is required. In Quang Binh province, this study intends to build a framework for evaluating the adaptability to climate change and then measure the adaptive capacity of men and women. The study uses a sustainable development approach, in which adaptation to climate change is one of the important sustainable development goals, which is directly related to the welfare and development of the community. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (United Nations, 2015), including SDG5 on gender equality and SDG13 on climate change response and disaster risk reduction, are directly or indirectly related to gender equality.

According to the sustainable development approach, sustainable 2 development cannot be achieved without gender equality. As a result, the sustainable development paradigm supports the empowerment of men, women, and socially marginalized groups. Analytical framework Figure 1.1: Analytical framework of the research This research carried out preliminary investigation including document research, research toolkit development, questionnaire survey and in-depth interview, and data processing. From there, find out the status of the ability of local people to adapt to climate change 3 through the manifestations and activities to respond to climate change and find out the factors affecting the ability to adapt to climate change.

The study compares the information and data obtained through the independent variables of commune and gender to find out the difference. From there, evaluate the results obtained to make judgments about the ability of people to adapt to climate change in the study area. The study provides suggestions and recommendations to improve the ability to adapt to climate change for local women and men. Research objectives and tasks Research objectives Tasks To find out the status of the adaptive - Data collection capacity of local people in Quang Ninh - Analyzing data and synthesising district, Quang Binh province.