Multi-layer distributed control of complex systems with comm. constraints: irrigation

THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE LA COMMUNAUTÉ UNIVERSITÉ GRENOBLE ALPES Spécialité : AUTOMATIQUE-PRODUCTIQUE Arrêté ministérial : 25 Mai 2016 Présentée par Le-Duy-Lai NGUYEN Thèse dirigée par Monsieur Laurent LEFÈVRE et co-encadrée par Monsieur Denis GENON-CATALOT préparée au sein Laboratoire de Conception et d’Intégration des Sys- tèmes (LCIS - EA 3747) dans l’École Doctorale Électronique, Électrotechnique, Automatique et Traitement du Signal (EEATS - ED 220) Contrôle distribué multi-couches des systèmes complexes avec con- traintes de communication : applica- tion aux systèmes d’irrigation Multi-layer distributed control of complex sys- tems with communication constraints: applica- tion to irrigation channels Thèse soutenue publiquement le 19 Décembre 2017, devant le jury composé de : Monsieur, Jean-Marc THIRIET Professeur - GIPSA-Lab, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Président Monsieur, Eric DUVIELLA Professeur - IMT, Ecole des Mines de Douai, Rapporteur Monsieur, Michel ROBERT Professeur - CRAN, Univ. de Lorraine, Rapporteur Monsieur, Bastien CHOPARD Professeur - CUI, Univ. de Genève, Examinateur Monsieur, Laurent LEFÈVRE Professeur - LCIS, Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Directeur de thèse Monsieur, Denis GENON-CATALOT Maître de conférence - LCIS, Univ.

Grenoble Alpes, Co-Encadrant Multi-layer distributed control of complex systems with communication constraints: application to irrigation channels Le-Duy-Lai NGUYEN Supervisors: Prof. Laurent LEFÈVRE Assoc. Denis GENON-CATALOT Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP*, LCIS, 26000 Valence, France * Institute of Engineering Univ.

Grenoble Alpes Address: 50, Rue Barthélémy de Laffemas - BP54 26902 VALENCE Cedex 09 - FRANCE This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2017 I would like to dedicate this thesis to my loving and lovely family, especially, my wife Vy-Nha and my two princes Gia-An and Gia-Khang. Acknowledgements It is a great milestone in one’s life to engage in the doctoral study and success the Ph. This doctoral thesis, like most research works, is the result of a curious and inquisitive spirit, coupled with plenty of hard work and persistence. Naturally, it was difficult at times, but overall, the fulfilling moments far exceeded the hardship – and I owe that in a world of people, to whom I will always be grateful.

Without their generous supports throughout, this thesis would not become possible. First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Prof. Laurent LEFÈVRE and Assoc. Denis GENON-CATALOT for their continuous support of my Ph.

study and related research, for their patience, motivation, and immense knowledge. Their guidance helped me in all the time of research period and writing of this thesis. They are knowledgeable and helpful mentors who have not only given me advice on the academic side, but also shared a lot of experience in life. Their patience and high availability when I needed assistance in research benefited me greatly.

It has been an honor to be their Ph. They have taught me, both consciously and unconsciously, how good automatic control and computer science can be combined. I appreciate all their contributions of time, ideas, and funding to make my Ph. experience productive and stimulating.

The joy and enthusiasm that they have for their research were contagious and motivational for me, even during tough times in the Ph. I am also thankful for the excellent example, they have provided as successful scientists and professors. Besides my supervisors, I would like to thank the reading committee members: Prof. Eric DUVIELLA and Prof.

Michel ROBERT, for their insightful comments and encouragement, but also for the hard question which incanted me to widen my research from various perspectives. They spent their valuable time examining my research work and provided many insightful suggestions. I would also like to thank the other members of my oral defense committee, specially Prof. Jean-Marc THIRIET, Prof.

Bastien CHOPARD, for their time, interest, and helpful questions. The financial support of the Artemis Arrowhead European project under grant agreement number 332987 is acknowledged. With the forty-two month scholarship from this project, I did not have to worry about my living expenses, and therefore was able to concentrate on studies and research. Many thanks to the "Syndicat d’Irrigation Drômois" (SID, www.fr), which has provided the information such as the overview, structure, figures and control objectives of the Bourne river irrigation network.

We also wish to thank the working group "Arrowhead Project" within vi | Schneider Electric Grenoble, particularly Mr. Claude LEPAPE, Domain Leader of Energy Management and Analytics Optimization and Mr. Alfredo SAMPERIO, Project Leader of Task 1.4, for their support throughout the completion of research works. I would also like to thank the members inside and outside the MACSY-COSY group.

GENON-CATALOT and Mr. André LAGREZE drove me to disastrous excursion and leisure activities many times when I stayed in the Laboratory LCIS during the three years. Antoine SAILLOT taught me techniques on the control of linear dynamic systems. Discussion with Mrs.

Ionela PRODAN gave me new insights into some problems from centralized to decentralized control of complex systems. In addition, I enjoyed the friendship with other members in our group: Mr. Youness LAMI, Mr. Yoann HERVAGAULT, Mr.

We have shared lots of exciting moments together. I also thank Mr. El Mehdi KHALFI for inspirational discussions with me regarding the knowledge in the field of multi- agent systems. My sincere thanks also go to Mr.

Christophe DELEUZE, and Mr. Yves GUIDO, who provided me an opportunity to join their team as teaching assistant, and who gave access to the network department facilities. Without their precious support it would not be possible to conduct this research. My time at LCIS was made enjoyable in large part due to the many friends and groups that became a part of my life.

I am grateful for the time spent with roommates and friends, for my backpacking buddies and our memorable trips in the mountains, countryside for Youness LAMI and Benjamin VINCENT’s hospitality as I finished up my degree, and for many other people and memories. My time at LCIS was also enriched by the graduate ESISAR student group. Finally and most importantly, I should express my gratitude to my family. Their supports, encouragement and love have been accompanying me for so many years.

I am indebted to their diligent work and great contribution to the family. For my parents who raised me with a love of study and supported me in all my pursuits. I would like to thank my foster brother, Patrick TROUCHE, for supporting me spiritually throughout writing this thesis and my life in general. And most of all for my loving, supportive, encouraging, and patient wife whose faithful support during the final stages of this Ph.

is so appreciated. I thank my fellow lab-mates in LCIS for the stimulating discussions, for the sleepless nights we were working together before deadlines, and for all the fun we have had in the last four years. Also, I am grateful to Prof. Marc BUI in the institution “École Pratique des Hautes Études" (EPHE) for enlightening me the first glance of research.

Abstract This thesis presents the control problems of irrigation network with communication constraints and a multi-layer approach to solve these problems in a distributed manner. Detailed discussions of each layer with analytical and simulation results are described throughout several chapters. They emphasize the potential interest of the multi-layer approach, more precisely its efficiency and reliability for supervision, multi-objective optimization and distributed cooperative control of complex water transport systems. The first layer to be considered is the hydraulic network composed of free-surface channels, hydraulic structures and mesh subnetwork of pressurized pipes.

By coupling the Saint-Venant equations for describing the physics of free-surface fluid and the Lattice Boltzmann method for the fluid simulation, a discrete-time nonlinear model is obtained for the channels. The hydraulic structures are usually treated as internal boundaries of reaches and modeled by algebraic relationships between the flow and pressure variables. To enable the exchange of the information among the control system’s components, a communication network is considered in the second layer. Solving challenging problems of heterogeneous devices and communication issues (e., network delay, packet loss, energy consumption) is investigated in this thesis by introducing a hybrid network architecture and a dynamic routing design based on Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of control applications.

For network routing, a weighted composition of some standard metrics is proposed so that the routing protocol using the composite metric achieves convergence, loop-freeness and path- optimality properties. Through extensive simulation scenarios, different network performance criteria are evaluated. The comparison of simulation results can validate the interest of this composition approach for dynamic routing. Finally, the third layer introduces an optimal reactive control system developed for the regulatory control of large-scale irrigation channels under a Distributed Cooperative Model Predictive Control (DCMPC) framework.

This part discusses different control implementation strategies (e., centralized, decentralized, and distributed strategies) and how the cooperative communication among local MPC controllers can be included to improve the performance of the overall system. Managing the divergent (or outdated) information exchanged among controllers is considered in this thesis as a consensus problem and solved by using an asynchronous consensus protocol. Based on the multi-agent system paradigm, this approach to distributed control provides a solution guaranteeing that all controllers have a consistent view of some data values needed for action computation. A particular benchmark of an irrigation channel is viii | investigated in simulations.

The comparison of simulation results validates the benefits of the distributed cooperative control approach over other control strategies. Keywords - irrigation network, Saint-Venant (SV) equations, Lattice Boltzmann (LB) method, Networked Control System (NCS), Low power and Lossy Network (LLN), hybrid architecture, dynamic routing, Routing Protocol for Low power and lossy network (RPL), composite metric, distributed control, cooperative control, asynchronous consensus, Multi-Agent System (MAS). Résumé Cette thèse présente une contribution sur les problèmes de contrôle de réseaux d’irrigations en ten- ant compte des contraintes de communication grâce à une approche multi-couches d’intelligence distribuée. Les analyses détaillées de chaque couche avec les résultats analytiques et les simula- tions seront décrites dans les différents chapitres.

Ils mettent l’accent sur l’intérêt de l’approche multicouches, plus précisément sur son efficacité et sa fiabilité pour la supervision, l’optimisation multi-objectifs et le contrôle coopératif distribué sur des systèmes complexes de transport d’eau. La première couche analysée est le réseau hydraulique composé de canaux d’écoulements à surface libre, de sous-réseaux maillés de tuyaux sous pression et des structures hydrauliques. En intégrant les équations de Saint-Venant pour décrire l’écoulement physique des fluides en surface libre et la méthode de Lattice Boltzmann pour la simulation du fluide, nous obtenons un modèle non linéaire discret pour les canaux à surface libre. Les structures hydrauliques sont généralement traitées comme des limites internes des biefs (tronçons) et modélisées par des relations entre les variables de flux et de pression.

Permettant l’échange d’informations entre les éléments du système de contrôle, le réseau de communication sera considéré comme la deuxième couche. La résolution des problèmes d’hétérogénéités des systèmes et des communications (par exemple les retards de diffusion dans le réseau, la perte de paquets, la consommation d’énergie) sera étudié en introduisant une architecture de réseau hybride avec un routage dynamique basé sur les exigences de Qualité de Service (QoS) des applications de contrôle. Pour le routage dynamique dans le réseau, une composition pondérée de certaines métriques standards est proposée afin que le protocole de routage utilisant cette métrique composite converge sans boucle avec une « route » optimum. Grâce à différents scénarios de simulation, plusieurs critères de performance du réseau ont été évalués.

La comparaison des résultats de simulation permet de valider l’intérêt de cette approche de composition pour le routage dynamique. Une troisième couche propose un système de contrôle réactif optimal développé pour la régulation du réseau d’irrigation dans un modèle étendue à grande échelle : Distributed Coopera- tive Model Predictive Control (DCMPC). Cette partie aborde la mise en œuvre de différentes stratégies de contrôle (centralisées, décentralisées et distribuées) et intègre la communication coopérative entre les contrôleurs MPC locaux afin d’améliorer les performances globales du système.