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The Dissertation i This page intentionally left blank ii The Dissertation An Architecture Student’s Handbook Iain Borden and Katerina Rüedi Ray AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO ELSEVIER Architectural Press is an imprint of Elsevier iii Architectural Press is an imprint of Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803 First published 2000 Reprinted 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005 Second edition 2006 Copyright © 2006, Iain Borden and Katerina Rüedi Ray. All rights reserved The right of Iain Borden and Katerina Rüedi Ray to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1T 4LP. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science and Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax: (+44) (0) 1865 853333; e-mail: permissions@elsevier.

You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://www.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN-13: 978-0-7506-6825-5 ISBN-10: 0-7506-6825-3 For information on all Architectural Press publications visit our website at www.com Printed and bound in Great Britain 05 06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.org iv Contents Acknowledgements ix 1 Introduction 1 Why Write a Dissertation? 1 The Handbook 2 2 Starting 4 What is a Dissertation? 4 Selecting a Dissertation Subject 5 Assessing a Dissertation Subject 8 Choosing and Working with a Supervisor 13 Writing a Proposal 15 3 Researching 17 What is Research? 17 Historical and Critical Methodology 18 Research Techniques 24 Libraries and Archives 33 The Internet 44 4 Preparing 49 Structuring a Dissertation 50 Working Methods 53 Illustrations 56 Referencing 57 vi Contents Bibliographies 59 Plagiarism 62 Submitting a Draft 64 Word-Processing 64 Alternative Dissertations 66 5 Presenting 70 General Presentation 70 Illustrations 74 Computer Software 76 Assessment Criteria 76 Oral Examinations 77 6 Afterwards 79 Further Research and Study 79 Publications 81 Troubleshooting 84 7 Dissertation Excerpts 88 Susannah Bach 89 The Barber-Surgeons’ Anatomy Theatre Megha Chand 105 Interrogating the Indian Condition: Some Problems with the Frameworks of Architect Charles Correa Nic Coetzer 121 The Production of the City as a White Space: Representing and Restructuring Identity and Architecture, Cape Town, 1892–1936 (PhD) Katherine Ewing 156 Investigation of a Traders’ Route: Analysis of the Street Edge, which Informs Public Space, with Reference to the Indian City of Jaipur, Isfahan in Iran and Harare, Zimbabwe. Alvin Foo Tze Yang 176 A Society in Transition: the Social and Spatial Production of the Aged Identity in the Changing Landscapes of Care Environments Alexander Franklin 191 The Architecture of Omniscience: Codes, Grafts and the Representation of the Work of Michael Sorkin Contents vii Paul Gardiner 206 The Museum of the Museum Olivia Gordon 213 Word-robe: an Investigation of the Cupboard (. as prompted by Lucy) Robert Holford 231 The Blooming D’Or Michael Levey 232 The Charterhouse of Parkminster Yeoryia Manolopoulou 254 Drawing on Chance: Indeterminacy, Perception and Design (PhD by Architectural Design) Anna Radcliffe 278 This Dream Upon the Water: the Representation of a City in Literature – Venice E.

Taylor 296 A Speculative Investigation into the Sacred and Aesthetic Principles of Alexander ‘Greek’ Thomson’s Architecture, with particular reference to St. Vincent Street Church Huw Williams 319 I’m Astounded By People Who Want To ‘Know’ The Universe When It’s Hard Enough To Find Your Way Around Chinatown: an Essay In Unsymbolisation Index 325 This page intentionally left blank viii CONTENTS ix original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.

CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION 12 1 FIRE DEATHS IN THE UNITED STATES 15 Scope of the Problem 15 Causes of Fire Death 16 The Contemporary Fire Environment 20 2 A PRIMER ON FIRE AND FIRE HAZARD 23 The Burning Process 23 A Typical Compartment Fire 25 Fire Hazard Assessment 28 Time Needed for Escape 34 Time Available for Escape 36 3 STATUS OF FIRE HAZARD MODELS AND 45 TEST METHODS Introduction 45 Detection Models 46 Models for Time Available for Escape 48 Models for Time Needed for Escape 54 Test Methods for Model Input Data 55 Summary 59 4 HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH FIRES 62 Heat 62 Oxygen Depletion 63 Smoke 63 Health Effects of Smoke Inhalation on Humans 73 Exposed to Fires Summary 77 About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained, and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. CONTENTS Case Study 2: Case Study 1: 6 5 Summary Summary REFERENCES CASE STUDIES Screen or Not to Screen Burning of an Upholstered Chair Concealed Combustible Material OF TOXIC POTENCY OF SMOKE Chemical Analysis vs.

Biologic Assay Test Methods That Use Nonlethal End Points GUIDELINES FOR HAZARD ASSESSMENT: Test Methods That Use Death as an End Point Use of Combustion-Product Toxicity Tests: To LABORATORY METHODS FOR EVALUATION 106 131 129 105 104 78 78 x 118 97 83 79 1 Introduction Why Write a Dissertation? As a student of architecture, the major part of your education is always going to be the design of buildings as executed through drawings, mod- els and other kinds of visual representation. Together with the work space of the architectural studio, the presentation of designs followed by a challenging crit or jury, and the submission of a carefully wrought port- folio – these are undoubtedly the main elements of an architectural education. Yet as anyone who has ever tried to explain architecture quickly realises, architecture is not only about images and models. Words, too, are an integrated part of what architecture is all about.

Architecture is tex- tual as well as visual and spatial. Most obviously, words are a necessary explanation of what kind of architecture is referred to in drawings and models, and if you don’t believe that words are essential, try explaining your designs at a crit without speaking at all. Words are also a way of exploring new territories, new ideas, new kinds of architecture – from the Roman architectural theorist Vitruvius to the modern Robert Venturi some of the most important and influential works of architecture have been books and other kinds of writing.1 Indeed, without these words there would be no buildings, no architects and no architectural study. A dissertation is (wordy) architecture made of words.

It is a way of conceiving and producing architecture through sentences, paragraphs and considered argument. It is an arena in which to alternatively explain, explore, challenge, theorise or imagine architecture. A dissertation can therefore be about many different kinds of subjects, from the study of the oeuvre of a single architect to tentative speculation about the relation, for 1 2 The Dissertation example, between shoe design and architectural culture. Most impor- tantly, though, it is a place where, just as in your architectural designs, you have the opportunity not only to learn about architecture but also make a contribution to what we all think about it; the architectural dis- sertation is your chance to explore what you believe and aspire to, and to present those thoughts to others.

One other thing. A dissertation is a common requirement of many architectural courses worldwide. In the United Kingdom, universities also often require you to pass your dissertation independently of your design and other architectural studies – no dissertation, no degree! The dissertation is also, therefore, often a part of the requirement for all those seeking accreditation or licensing from or membership of their appropri- ate professional body, such as the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB) and the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in the USA, or the Architects Registration Board (ARB) and the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) in the UK, or the Royal Australian Institute of Architects (RAIA) in Australia. If no dissertation means no degree, then it can also mean no professional qualification.

For those wanting to be professional architects, doing the dissertation is in many countries not a matter of choice. The Handbook This handbook provides a guide to the whole process of starting, writing, preparing and submitting a dissertation. It also offers some advice on what to do after the dissertation. It explains carefully what to do, how to do it, when to do it, and what the major pitfalls are to avoid.

Each uni- versity and architectural programme does, of course, have its own rules and requirements, and you are strongly advised to check everything said here with what your own institution expects. Nonetheless, if you follow the guidance in this book, and if you add to it your own intelligent and rigorous efforts, you should go on to produce a dissertation of the best possible standard. The book, following this introduction, is divided into six more chap- ters. These follow the general chronological procedure by which a dissertation is normally undertaken.

Chapter 2 (Starting) describes what to do when first beginning to work on a dissertation. It explains what kind of study a dissertation is, how to select and assess a potential dissertation subject and how to choose a supervisor to work with. It also explains the importance of writing a proposal. Chapter 3 (Researching) identifies what research is, and briefly outlines some of the main kinds of approach that architectural historians and the- orists have adopted in order to work within the discipline.

On a more practical note, this chapter also explains what you actually have to do in Introduction 3 order to research an architectural dissertation: research techniques, work- ing methods, libraries and archives are all covered. A special section, extended in this edition, deals with the internet, which offers particular opportunities and challenges for the architectural student. Chapter 4 (Preparing) deals with (the arcane mysteries of) writing a dis- sertation, and how to go from the blank sheet of paper or bare screen to a complete first draft. Advice on how to organise and structure a disser- tation (including what to include in an ‘Introduction’ and ‘Conclusion’) is complemented with tips on working methods, illustrations, referenc- ing, bibliographies, how to avoid plagiarism, submitting a draft, and the use of computers.

This chapter also suggests how you might change the format of a dissertation into a multimedia or other non-conventional form of submission – indeed, these are kinds of dissertation which have recently been the subject of much discussion, development and innovation.