Nghiên cứu luận án tiến sĩ: Cải thiện quy hoạch giáo dục THCS trong kỷ nguyên phân cấp Indonesia - Didik Suhardi, RMIT University

IMPROVING EDUCATIONAL PLANNING FOR JUNIOR SECONDARY EDUCATION IN THE INDONESIAN DECENTRALIZATION ERA A project submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Didik Suhardi B. Public Administration School of Management College of Business RMIT University October 2010 Research By Project There are three components that are being presented for examination for this Doctor of Philosophy - By Project Degree 1. A Portfolio that contains the durable record of the project 3. An oral presentation This volume contains the Exegesis.

Accompanying this volume is the Portfolio. The Portfolio is divided into two parts: 1. ii ii DECLARATION I certify that except where due acknowledgement has been made, the work is that of the author alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award; the content of the exegesis is the result of work that has been conducted since the official commencement date of the research program; any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged; and, ethics procedures and guidelines have been followed. Didik Suhardi October 2010 iii iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my great appreciation to my advisors, Dr.

David Hodges and Dr. Bill Vistarini, for their enormous assistance and guidance during the completion of this research. Their advice has motivated me to improve my reading, thinking, and writing this research. I also would like to convey my sincere appreciation to my co-supervisor, Prof.

Slamet, PH, Ph.D, for his patient and great guidance and assistance in giving direction to my research. I would also like to send my unlimited respect and gratitude to Prof. D, the Director General for the Management of Primary and Secondary Education, and Mr. Hamid Muhammad, Ph.

D, (Director General for Non Formal and Informal Education) for their strong support during my research and during my work at the office. My thanks also go to all my colleagues, friends, and all respondents at provincial, district, and school levels - so many that I cannot mention all their names here. I would like to convey my special indebtedness to my parents, my wife, my children, and relatives, who consistently provided support, comfort, and inspiration so that I could finish my study, research, and dissertation. It was only through the sacrifices of my beloved wife, Budiarti, and lovely children, Eko, Putri, Fitri and Putra for their time that I have been able to complete this research project.

I would then praise to Allah the Almighty for all His help with all of this study, research and dissertation. I pray for all of the people who supported this dissertation for all their best from God. iv iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Research by Project. iv Table of Contents.

vi List of Tables. vii List of Figures. viii Glossary and Abbreviations. Decentralization in Indonesia.

Objective of The Research. My Work and the Connection with My Project. The Structure of the Exegesis. 12 CHAPTER II: RESEARCH DESIGN 2.2 Challenges of Action Research.

26 CHAPTER III: DECENTRALIZATION AND EDUCATION PLANNING CHALLENGES 3. The Structure and The Roles of MONE. Indonesian Education Structure. My Roles as Deputy Director for Program/Planning.

Routine Work : The Official Programs for which I am Responsible 36 3. Ad Hoc/Additional Programs and Activities. The Challenges that I Faced. The Purpose of Educational Planning.

Approaches to Education Planning. Education Planning Processes in Indonesia 65 3. Conditions Required for Success in Educational Planning. 68 CHAPTER IV: THE CHALLENGES OF IMPROVING EDUCATION PLANNING 4.

Stage I: Exploring the Key Issues and Problems on Educational 75 Planning (October 2004 to October 2005). Actions and Observations. Lesson Learned and Reflections. Stage 2: The Challenge of Developing an Improved Education Planning System in DDJSE (November 2005 to October 2006).

Actions and Observations. Lesson Learned and Reflections. Stage 3: Collaborating for Implementation (November 2006 to December 2008) 115 4. Actions and Observations 116 CHAPTER V: IMPROVING EDUCATIONAL PLANNING : LESSONS FOR THE MONE 5.

The Complexity of Decentralization in Indonesia. Improving Education Planning at JSE. A More Skilled Practitioner. 142 vi vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1 : Stage of the Research.

24 Table 2 : Total Number of Student at Junior Secondary School. 34 Table 3 : The Percentage of DDJSE from DGMPSE Expenditure (2005-2008). 34 Table 4 : Budget Allocation for BOS (2005-2008). 44 Table 5 : The Target for the Construction of New School Unit (2004-2008).

46 Table 6 : The Result and Target of New Classroom Construction (RKB) from 2004-2008. 47 Table 7 : The Result and Target of One Roof School (SATAP) (2005-2008). 48 Table 8 : Outline Summary of Stage 2. 112 Table 9 : GER for Selected Provinces in Indonesia 2005-2008 117 Table 10 : Construction under the Access and Equity Program 2006-2008.

121 vii vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 : The Successive Cycle of Research Activities (Plan, Do, Observe and Reflect). 15 Figure 2 : Structure of Indonesian Education. 29 Figure 3 : Organization Structure of MONE. 30 Figure 4 : Organization Structure of Directorate General of Management for Primary and Secondary Education.

32 Figure 5 : Organization Structure of Directorate for Development for Junior Secondary School. 33 Figure 6 : Flow Chart of the Data Collection on the Number of Students. 40 Figure 7 : Flow Chart of Allocations and Selections. 41 Figure 8 : The Distribution Mechanism of BOS Funds.

42 Figure 9 : The ABCS of Strategic Planning Process. 63 Figure 10 : Education Planning Approach for Junior Secondary Education in Indonesia. 101 Figure 11 : GER and NER for period 2000 – 2009. 122 viii viii GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATION Acronym/ Bahasa Indonesia English Abbreviation AO Ouput yang sebenarnya Actual Output ADB Bank Pembangunan Asia Asian Development Bank Badan Australia untuk Australian Agency for AusAID Pembangunan Internasional International Development Asian Pacific Program of Program Asia Pasifik untuk APEID Educational Innovation for Inovasi Pendidikan Development BAPPENAS Badan Perencanaan Nasional National Planning Agency Badan Standar Nasional National Education Standard BSNP Pendidikan Agency BPS Biro Pusat Statistik Statistical Centre Bureau Bupati Kepala Kabupaten Head of Local Government DAU Dana Alokasi Khusus General Allocation Fund DDP Kasubdit Program Deputy Director for Program Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten/ DEO District Education Offices Kota DPR Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Parliament Direktorat Sekolah Directorate of Junior Secondary DJSE Menengah Pertama Education Direktorat Pembinaan Directorate of Development for DDJSE Sekolah Menengah Pertama Junior Secondary Education Direktorat Jenderal Directorate General of DGMPSE Manajemen Pendidikan Dasar Management for Primary and dan Menengah Secondary Education ix ix Acronym/ Bahasa Indonesia English Abbreviation EO Output yang diharapkan Expected Output EFA Pendidikan Untuk Semua Education for All Pembahasan Bidang ESR Education Sector Review Pendidikan Sistem Informasi Manajemen Education Management EMIS Pendidikan Information System FGD Diskusi Kelompok Fokus Focus Group Discussion GER Angka Partisipasi Kasar Gross Enrollment rate GoI Pemerintah Indonesia Government of Indonesia Functional Group (Political Party Golkar Golongan Karya in Indonesia) Hollandsche Inlandsche HIS Hollandsche Inlandsche School School HDI Index Pembangunan Manusia Human Development Index Pembahasan Sektor Indonesia Education Sector IESR Pendidikan Indonesia Review JSE Sekolah Menengah Pertama Junior Secondary Education Majelis Permusyaratan MPR People's Consultative Assembly Rakyat MoF Departemen Keuangan Ministry of Finance Departemen Pendidikan MoNE MONE Nasional Tujuan Pembangunan MDG Millenium Development Goal Millenium x x Acronym/ Bahasa Indonesia English Abbreviation MoHA Departemen Dalam Negeri Ministry of Home Affair MoRA Departemen Agama Ministry of Religious Affair NER Angka Partisipasi Murni Net Enrollment Rate PAD Pendapatan Asli Daerah Gross Regional Income PEO Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Provincial Education Offices Democratic Party (Political Party PDI Partai Demokrasi Indonesia in Indonesia) Partai Persatuan Development Unity Party PPP Pembangunan (Political Party in Indonesia) PSP Pusat Statistik Pendidikan Central Educational Statistic Sumberdaya yang di RAC Resource Actually Consumed konsumsi Sumberdaya yang diharapkan Resource Expected to be REC untuk konsumsi Consumed Royal Melbourne Institute of Royal Melbourne Institute of RMIT Technology Technology Sekolah Bertaraf SBI International Standard School Internasional SBM Manajemen Berbasis Sekolah School Based Management SMA Sekolah Menengah Atas General Senior Secondary School Vocational Senior Secondary SMK Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan School SOP Standar Operasional Prosedur Standard Operational Procedure xi xi Acronym/ Bahasa Indonesia English Abbreviation Surat Permintaan SPP Letter of Request for Payment Pembayaran SPM Surat Perintah Membayar Letter of Payment Surat Perintah Pencairan SP2D Letter to Withraw of Payment Dana ToT Training of Trainer Training of Trainer UUD 1945 Undang Undang Dasar 1945 Basic Constitution Badan Persatuan Bangsa- United Nation Education, UNESCO bangsa yang menangani Science, and Culture pendidikan dan budaya Organization WB Bank Dunia World Bank xii xii ABSTRACT Improving Educational Planning for Junior Secondary Education in the Indonesian Decentralization Era Since the enactment of Law 22/1999 about Local Government, Education was one of the sectors that was being decentralized except 6 sectors ( Defense, Security, Foreign Affair, Justice, Finance, and Religious Affair) that are still under the management of the central government, centralized.

During the decentralization of education, the mechanism of education planning has become difficult and complicated. This is due to the complexity of the procedure that the plan has to go through; a long process, starting from the preparation of supporting data until the final stage of deciding the most appropriate programs and activities for the country. Besides, this process has to involve all stakeholders of education, the approval from the parliament must be obtained so that the proposed budget can be funded. The main objectives of this research are two fold.

First, to make better or to improve the education planning mechanism at the Directorate for Development of Junior Secondary Education (DDJSE). Second, through improved planning, to expand the scope of service to the citizens of the country so that every citizen in Indonesia will have an equal access to Junior Secondary Education (JSE) and to improve the quality of JSE in Indonesia. To achieve these research objectives, practitioner research was used as an umbrella of research methodology with action research as the main research method. Data were collected by using data collection methods: questionnaires, observations, interviews, and document analysis from related sources.

The research was done from 2004 until 2008. This research involved all of the staff from the DDJSE, some staff from provincial education office, district education office, and other stakeholders of education. The involvement of all level of education staffs was aimed to find the most appropriate plan that suitable for all three levels of education offices. Whatever happens in one of the three levels of education offices will affect the other education offices.

During this research, the following actions were conducted as part of the education planning process: creation of current and complete data (EMIS), development of evaluation criteria for effective decentralized education planning, bottom up planning, coordination and synchronization, development of clear division of labor in education planning among the layer of education bureaucracy based on government regulation number 38/2007, capacity building, participation decision making, intensive and regular monitoring and evaluation. At the end of the research completion, the researcher concluded that effective education planning had significantly increased the access to and the quality of JSE from year to year. The increase in access to JSE is shown by the significant improvement in Gross Enrollment Rate (GER) at JSE. The improvement of the quality of JSE is shown by the constant increase in students scores at the National Examination (UN).

This research does not claim to be the only reason for the success of the DDJSE, but through this Research by Project there is clear improvement in JSE in Indonesia. In addition, the research approach, results, and strategies have been very valuable for the DDJSE in improving the access and quality of JSE in Indonesia. Research Background Education in Indonesia has been devolved to field units of the MONE since the enactment of Decentralization Law 22/1999 on Local Government and more effectively since the Law was implemented in January 2001.