Luận án: Tái sử dụng và xử lý nước xám tưới cỏ Rye Grass - Poznań University of Life Sciences

POZNAŃ UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND SPATIAL MANAGEMENT MSc Eng. Thanh Hung Nguyen TREATMENT AND REUSE OF GREYWATER FOR RYE-GRASS IRRIGATION (OCZYSZCZANIE I PONOWNE WYKORZYSTANIE ŚCIEKÓW SZARYCH DO NAWADNIANIA ŻYCICY TRWAŁEJ) Doctoral dissertation Supervisor: prof. Ryszard Błażejewski Co-supervisor: dr hab. Marcin Spychała Poznań 2019 TREATMENT AND REUSE OF GREYWATER FOR RYE-GRASS IRRIGATION (OCZYSZCZANIE I PONOWNE WYKORZYSTANIE ŚCIEKÓW SZARYCH DO NAWADNIANIA ŻYCICY TRWAŁEJ) Doctoral dissertation THANH HUNG NGUYEN Supervisor: prof.

Ryszard Błażejewski Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Spatial Management. Co-supervisor: dr hab. Marcin Spychała Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Spatial Management. Dissertation Committee appointed by the Scientific Council of the Discipline: Environmental Engineering, Mining and Energy to be defended in public on Thursday 28 November 2019 at 11:00 a.

in Rada Wydzial room, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Spatial Management. Jolanta Komisarek Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Spatial Management. Janusz Łomotowski Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences. Joanna Jeż-Walkowiak Institute of Environmental Engineering Poznan University of Technology.

Acknowledgements I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my supervisor, Prof. Ryszard Błażejewski, for his valuable support and supervision. His advice, guidance, encouragement, and inspiration have been invaluable over the years. Professor always keeps an open mind in every academic discussion.

I admire his critical eye for important research topics. This dissertation would not have been completed without his guidance and support. Additionally, I would like to thank dr hab. Marcin Spychała, for supporting supervisor and his cooperative work.

He gave me valuable help whenever I asked for assistance. I have learnt many useful things from him. Further, I would like also to take this opportunity to thank the governments of Poland and Vietnam through Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Poland and the Government of Vietnam giving the opportunity to study in Poland and grant scholarships for my entire course. The warmest thank to my colleagues at Department of Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, for the stimulating discussions, supporting my works, and for providing the friendly environment in which we have learnt and grown during the past 4+ years.

Special thanks to Mrs Jolanta Zawadzka for her help in laboratory measurements. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family and friends, for their constant love, encouragement, and limitless support throughout my life. CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES. iv LIST OF TABLES.

Definitions of terms. Sustainable water resources management principles. Current and threatening water shortages. Importance of water reclamation and reuse.

Justification for the study. Composition of greywater. Quantity of greywater. Quality of greywater.

Characterisation of greywater usability. Greywater reuse for irrigation. Standards and guidelines. Potential of greywater reuse for irrigation.

Storage and diversion of greywater for reuse. Impacts of greywater reuse for irrigation. Economics of greywater reuse. Perennial ryegrass and its characteristics.

Observed gaps in the literature. PURPOSE, SCOPE AND RESEARCH METHODS. Purpose and scope of the research. Design of experimental with ryegrass.

Experimental process on ryegrass. Collecting data and analysis. RESULTS OF THE STUDY. Study on greywater reuse for ryegrass irrigation without fertilizer supply.

Balance of substances in all treatment combinations. Main and interaction effects among factors influencing the dry mass yield of ryegrass without fertilizer supply. Total dry mass of ryegrass after 3 harvests without fertilizer supply. Total dry mass of ryegrass after 6 harvest without fertilizer supply.

Regression model for dry mass yield of ryegrass. Effect of irrigation water factors on soil pH. Effect of irrigation water factors on soil EC. Potential contaminant removal from greywater by planted ryegrass.

Study on greywater reuse for ryegrass with fertilizer supply. Main and interaction effects among factors of irrigation water on dry mass yield of ryegrass with fertilizer supply. Total dry mass of ryegrass after 3 harvests with fertilizer supply 79 4. Total dry mass of ryegrass after 6 harvests with fertilizer supply 82 4.

Effect of irrigation water factors on soil pH. Effect of irrigation water factors on soil EC. Effect factors on total dry mass yield of ryegrass. The leachate quality.

Effect factors on the change in soil pH and EC. Selecting factor settings for yield efficiency and reducing risk for planted soil irrigated with tap and greywater. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH. 114 iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.

Overview of greywater terms. Choosing methods for greywater treatment to reuse. Photo of experimental ryegrass in laboratory. The process of conducting the research.

Compositions of raw and treated greywater used for irrigation. The lab-scale stand for greywater treatment. Particle size distribution of planted soil (sand) .6 The pot for experiment. Scheme of investigation with three factors (A, B, C).

The whole process of the study. Flowchart describing the entire experimental process on ryegrass. Schedule of experiment: (a) without fertilizer supply (Stage II); (b) with fertilizer supply (Stage III). Flowchart for analysis from experimental design of the study.

Balance of COD mass on all treatment combinations from irrigation water (Total mass matter = Uptake + Outlet). Balance of total nitrogen mass on all treatment combinations from irrigation water. Balance of total phosphorus mass on all treatment combinations from irrigation water. Total dry mass yields of ryegrass after 3 harvests of all treatment combinations without fertilizer supply.

Effect of the main factors on the total dry mass yield of ryegrass after 3 harvests without fertilizer supply. Two-way interaction of two factors affecting the total dry mass yield of ryegrass after 3 harvests (83 days) without fertilizer supply. The two-way interaction effects of the factors in the low and the high level of another factor after 3 harvests without fertilizer supply. Response surface as a function: (a) of tap water and treated greywater (at raw greywater 5 mm/week); (b) of tap water and treated greywater (at raw greywater 15 mm/week); (c) of tap water and raw greywater (at treated greywater 5 mm/week); (d) of tap water and raw greywater (at treated greywater 15 mm/week); (e) of treated greywater and raw greywater (at tap water 5 mm/week); (f) of treated greywater and raw greywater (at tap water 15 mm/week).

Total dry mass yield of ryegrass after 6 harvests for all treatment combinations without fertilizer supply. Effect of the main factors on the total dry mass yield of ryegrass after 6 harvests (179 days) without fertilizer supply. Two-way interaction of two factors on the effects of the total dry mass yield of ryegrass after 6 harvests (179 days) without fertilizer supply. The two-way interaction effects of the factors in the low and the high level of another factor after 6 harvests without fertilizer supply.

Response surface of total dry mass yield of ryegrass as a function: (a) of tap water and treated greywater (at raw greywater 5 mm/week); (b) of tap water and treated greywater (at raw greywater 15 mm/week); (c) of tap water and raw greywater (at treated greywater 5 mm/week); (d) of tap water and raw greywater (at treated greywater 15 mm/week); (e) of treated greywater and raw greywater (at tap water 5 mm/week); (f) of treated greywater and raw greywater (at tap water 15 mm/week). Correlation between irrigation water and total dry mass yield of ryegrass. pH of soil before initial and after experiment for all treatment combinations without fertilizer supply. Effect of main factors on soil pH without fertilizer supply.

The two-way interaction of two factors on effect of the change in soil pH after finishing experiment (179 days) without fertilizers‘ supply. Two-way interaction for all combinations of levels for the two factors on effect of the change in the soil pH after finishing experiment without fertilizer supply. Soil EC of all treatment combinations before initial and after conducted experiment. Effect of main factors on the change in soil EC.

The two-way interaction of two factors influencing soil EC after finishing experiment (179 days) without fertilizer supply. Two-way interaction for all combinations of levels for the two factors on change in the soil EC after finishing experiment. The average pH of irrigation water and leachate of all treatment combinations during experiment. The average EC of irrigation water and leachate of all treatment combinations during experiment.

COD of leachate from all treatment combinations for mean COD influent of raw greywater and treated greywater were 320 and 120 mg. Total nitrogen concentration of leachate from all treatment combinations. Total phosphorus concentrations of leachate from all treatment combinations. Total dry mass yield of ryegrass after 3 harvests of all treatment combinations with fertilizer supply.

Main factors affect on the total dry mass yield of ryegrass after three harvest times with fertilizer supply. The two-way interaction of two factors on the total dry mass yield of ryegrass after three harvest times with fertilizer supply. Total dry mass yield of ryegrass after six harvests for all treatment combinations. Main factors affect on the total dry mass yield of ryegrass after six harvests with fertilizer supply.

The two-way interaction of two factors on the total dry mass yield of ryegrass after six harvests with fertilizer supply. Two-way interaction for all combinations of levels for the two factors on the total dry mass yield of ryegrass with fertilizer supply. Soil pH for all treatment combinations after experiment with fertilizer supply. Two-way interaction of two factors on the change in soil pH after six harvests with fertilizer supply.

Two-way interaction for all combinations of levels for two factors soil pH with fertilizer supply. Soil EC for all treatment combinations before and after finishing experiment with fertilizer supply. Main effects of factors influencing soil EC. Two-way interaction of two factors influencing soil EC after six harvests with fertilizer supply.

Two-way interaction impact for all combinations of levels for two factors on change in the soil EC with fertilizer supply. 94 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 2. Water consumption and generated greywater in countries in the world. Greywater quality in chosen countries.

Quality of greywater from household devices and appliances. Some regulations/guidelines of water reuse for irrigation. Costs for greywater treatment systems. Model matrix for full factorial experimental design.

The matrix of experimental design (Full factorial experimental design) 40 Table 3. Volumes of irrigation water for each irrigation time interval (3 days). COD and nutrient uptake by pots during whole experiment. ANOVA table for effect of all factors on total dry mass yield of ryegrass after three harvests without fertilizer supply.

ANOVA for fitting model with 6-effect to the total dry mass yield of ryegrass after 3 harvests without fertilizer supply. ANOVA table for effect of all factors on total dry mass yield of ryegrass after six harvests without fertilizer supply (intercept not shown). ANOVA for fitting model with 5-effect to the total dry mass yield of ryegrass after six harvests without fertilizer supply. Final model parameters.

ANOVA table for all factors on effect of the change in soil pH (with transformed exp(pH)). Results from fitting model of 3-effects on soil pH describing by transformed soil pH after experiment (179 days) without fertilizer supply. ANOVA for effect of all factors on changing EC of planted soil. ANOVA for fitting model with 6-term effects describing the change in soil EC after experiment without fertilizer supply.

ANOVA for effect of all factors on total dry mass yield of ryegrass after 3 harvests (after 83 days) with fertilizer supply (intercept not shown). ANOVA for effect of all factors on total dry mass yield of ryegrass after six harvests with fertilizer supply. ANOVA for fitting model with 2- effects to total dry mass yield of ryegrass after 6 harvests with fertilizer supply.