Ẩn dụ mùa trong bài hát Anh-Việt: Nghiên cứu nhận thức - Luận án Tiến sĩ tại ĐH NN & ĐH D Đà Nẵng

THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES SỸ THỊ THƠM SEASON METAPHORS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE SONGS: A COGNITIVE STUDY DOCTORAL THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES DANANG - 2021 THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES SEASON METAPHORS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE SONGS: A COGNITIVE STUDY DOCTORAL THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES Major: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code: 9220201 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics SUPERVISORS: 1. Nguyễn Thị Minh Tâm DANANG - 2021 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the dissertation. This dissertation has not been submitted for the award of any degree of diploma in any other tertiary institution. Da Nang, December, 2021 i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I am greatly indebted to my supervisors for their continuous support and conscientious supervision.

Namely, I wish to express my deep indebtedness to Assoc. Nguyễn Văn Long for his kindness of giving me useful feedback, advice, and his constant encouragement to help me to overcome obstacles. I am extremely thankful to Dr. Nguyễn Thị Minh Tâm for her enlightening comments and discussions with our several-hour meetings for this thesis.

Thus, my supervisors fire up my confidence, determination in accomplishing my dissertation. I would like to express my great gratitude to Assoc. Trần Hữu Phúc, Assoc. Nguyễn Thị Quỳnh Hoa, Assoc.

Lưu Quý Khương, Dr. Ngũ Thiện Hùng, Dr. Lê Thị Giao Chi, Dr. Võ Thị Kim Anh for their precious comments and encouragement throughout my process of writing this dissertation.

I am also grateful to Assoc. Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền, Assoc. Nguyễn Ngọc Vũ, and Assoc. Ngô Hữu Hoàng for their critical reviews, comments, advice in the version of manuscript at the faculty board of doctoral dissertation examiners, leading to the revision for this version of current manuscript.

Besides, I deeply thank Dr. Lý Ngọc Toàn for his help, especially for agreeing to code the subset of data as an intercoder to ensure the reliability of study. I would like to thank the personnel departments, administrators in the Arm of Special Forces in general, in Military University of Special Forces in particular for their generosity in creating all favorable conditions including time, financial supports, and permission for me to conduct the research. I also wish to express my sincere gratitude to the leaders of the Faculty of Fundamental Science, and colleagues who have encouraged me to finish this study.

Last but not least, I am very grateful to my family: my parents, my brothers and sisters, my two children, and my husband. Especially, this dissertation could not have been completed without the immense support of my husband, who kept on encouraging me to never quit, even when things seemed hopeless. ii ABSTRACT In the light of the conceptual metaphor theory (CMT), initiated by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), this study aims at investigating the conceptualization of season in English and Vietnamese songs. Accordingly, the study is intended to identify the metaphors of SEASON in both languages.

It is the viewpoint of metaphors in pre-cognitive and cognitive periods that serves to build the theoretical framework for this study. Methodologically, the data are collected from English and Vietnamese song lyrics written from the 20th century to present. Comparative method was mainly employed in combination with descriptive method. Especially, the thesis employed the procedure of the identifying of conceptual metaphors proposed by Steen (2007) and Pragglejaz Group (2007).

Thus, the two methods of metaphor analysis, namely Metaphor Pattern Analysis (MPA, Stefanowitsch 2006) and the version of the Metaphor Identification Procedure developed at Vrije Universiteit (MIPVU, Steen et al. 2011) were used to characterize how conceptual metaphor of season is expressed. This comparative analysis of the conceptual metaphors of season in English and Vietnamese revealed that the two languages show a very similar conceptualization of season-related expressions. In detail, the research findings disclose 58 metaphors in total.

Regarding SEASON as the target domain of a metaphorical mapping, 40 metaphors are found in both English and Vietnamese. The songs in two languages share 28 metaphors, and there are 12 metaphors which are unique to one language but not the other. In terms of SEASON considered as the source domain, 10 shared metaphors of SEASON are found in the both corpora. Simultaneously, 6 metaphors are existent in Vietnamese, but not present in English.

In contrast, there are 2 cases found in English data only. It can be concluded that there are both similarities and differences in metaphorizing the entity SEASON in between English and Vietnamese. The factors related to the phenomenon are given based on the physical and socio-cultural environment. The dissertation, as briefly described above, is hoped to make significant contribution to the teaching, learning and English-Vietnamese translating practice.

iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CALD Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary CBA Corpus-based Approach CD Cambridge Dictionary CIC Context-Induced Creativity CL Cognitive Linguistics CMA Critical Metaphors Analysis CMT Conceptual Metaphor Theory CS Cognitive Semantics DM Domain Matrix FR Frames FSM Five-Step Method IS Image Schema LDE Longman Dictionary English MIP Metaphor Identification Procedures MS Mental Space MWD Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary VD Vietnamese Dictionary iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. The traditional explanation of metaphor. Schematicity hierarchy for four conceptual structures. Schematicity as inclusion (Kövecses, 2020, p.

Schematic model of a minimal conceptual integration network. Generalized Integration Network for the concept of Time as Space. The combined effect of factors on metaphor use (2010, p. Framework for metaphor explanation.

The procedure of SEASON conceptual metaphor identification. Analytical framework of conceptual metaphor of SEASON. Analysis procedure of conceptual metaphor of season. The distribution of animate and inanimate entities mapped onto SEASON in English and Vietnamese.

The distribution of the source domains in terms of object in space for SEASON in English and Vietnamese. SEASON as a temporal cycle. The distribution of source domains in terms of inanimate entities mapping onto season in English and Vietnamese. The distribution of animate entities as source domains mapping onto Season in English and Vietnamese.

The distribution of natural state domains mapped through SEASON in English and Vietnamese. The distribution of social domains mapped through SEASON in English and Vietnamese .141 v LIST OF TABLES Table 2. Examples of conceptual structures in schematicity hierarchy. Conceptual metaphor TIME IS MOVING OBJECT by Evans (2005).

Frequently-occurring linguistic expressions which are associated with TIME IS MONEY, TIME IS A RESOURCE and TIME IS A COMMODITY in the BoE (Li, 2014, p. Frequently-occurring linguistic expressions which are associated with TIME IS MOTION in the BoE (Li, 2014, p. Conceptual metaphors of time in English and Vietnamese. The work can be done by Qualitative and Quantitative in the study.

Metaphor identification procedure of the Pragglejaz Group (2007). The procedure of linguistic metaphor identification of season. The lexemes of motion verbs used for conceptualization of SEASON as a moving object in English and Vietnamese. The lexemes of adverbs and adjectives used for conceptualization of SEASON as a moving object in English and Vietnamese.

Domains of physical entities used for SEASON in English and Vietnamese. The distribution of natural substance and phenomenon domains mapped onto SEASON in English and Vietnamese. The lexemes denoting coldness used to map onto SEASON in English and Vietnamese. The distribution of natural characteristic domains mapped onto SEASON in English and Vietnamese.

The lexemes used for conceptualization of SEASON as A PERSON. Conceptual Metaphors of SEASON in English and Vietnamese in terms of SEASON as target domain. Emotional domains mapped through SEASON in English and Vietnamese153 Table 5. LOVE AS SEASON (Ho, 2018, p.

Abstract domains mapped through SEASON in English and Vietnamese. Conceptual Metaphors of SEASON in English and Vietnamese in terms of SEASON as source domain. Map of domains SEASON mapping onto and mapped through. The distribution of some source domains mapping onto four seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter) in English and Vietnamese.170 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG .i THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG .i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP.

iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.iv LIST OF FIGURES .v LIST OF TABLES. Aims and Objectives of the Study. Scope of the Study. Significance of the Study.

Organization of the Study. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW. Traditional Metaphor Theories. Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics.

Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Other Related Concepts. Review of Related Studies. Research Questions Revisited.

Data Collecting Procedure. Sources of Data. Conceptual Metaphor Identification. Data Analysis Procedure.

Reliability and Validity. THE ENTITY SEASON MAPPED THROUGH THE CONCRETE DOMAINS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE SONG LYRICS. Entity in Space. Natural Substance and Phenomenon.

Characteristic of Nature. Animal and Plant. THE ENTITY SEASON MAPPING ONTO THE ABSTRACT DOMAINS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE SONG LYRICS. Natural State Domain.

Victory, Freedom, Peace. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION. Degree of Four- SEASON Exploitation. Degree of Conceptual Metaphor Type Exploitation.

Bases for Metaphor Explanations. Limitation and Suggestions for Further Studies .179 THESIS-RELATED PUBLICATIONS. Rationale Cognitive linguistics (CL) is a modern school of linguistic thought and practice that originally emerged in the early 1970s and has been increasingly active since the 1980s out of dissatisfaction with formal approaches to language (Evans and Green 2006; Croft and Cruse, 2004). However, in the exploration of the relationship between in the relationship between language and thought, CL has been followed and developed by a variety of linguists, i., Evans and Green (2006), Fillmore (1988), Langacker (1990, 2008), Talmy (1983, 2000), Geeraerts (2006), Fauconnier (1997, 2007, 2009), etc.

It is noticeable that Lakoff and John mark a revolution for CL by their grounding-breaking Metaphor We Live By (1980) when they present metaphor from the cognitive perspective. The idea that metaphor needs viewing as a conceptual phenomenon and not just as a linguistic one has been argued at length by Lakoff and his fellow researchers (notably Kövecses, 2002, 2010; Lakoff, 1987; Lakoff & Johnson, 1980a, 1999; Lakoff & Turner, 1989). Consequently, their theory has become a foundation for good research by other authors. In Vietnam, based on Lakoff and Johnson’s theory, a number of scholars have formulated a variety of reviews, overviews, research related to conceptual metaphor, for example, Khảo luận ẩn dụ tri nhận (Treatise of cognitive metaphor) (Trần Văn Cơ, 2009), Suy nghĩ về ẩn dụ khái niệm trong thế giới thi ca từ góc nhìn của ngôn ngữ học tri nhận (Thinking of conceptual metaphor in poetry in terms of cognitive linguistics) (Nguyễn Lai, 2009), Ẩn dụ ý niệm (Conceptual metaphor) (Phan Thế Hưng, 2007), Ẩn dụ dưới góc độ tri nhận (Metaphor from the perspective of cognition) (Phan Thế Hưng, 2009); Ẩn dụ trong thơ (metaphor in poetry) (Nguyễn Thị Quyết, 2012) and so on.

In addition to works related to conceptual metaphor as mentioned above, a great number of studies have been conducted to examine conceptual metaphors of both concrete and abstract concepts around human beings all over the world, as well 1 as in Vietnam. Particularly, significant attention has been paid to the abstract concepts as target domains in investigating conceptual metaphors, which can be easily understood because conceptual metaphor is a process of conceptualizing a more abstract domain in terms of more concrete domains (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980a). Up to now, the abstract concepts which have been examined are various such as life (Lakoff, 1980; Kövecses, 2010; Nguyễn Thị Quyết, 2012); emotion: love (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980a; Kövecses, 1986, 1988, 2000; Schroder, 2009; Tissari 2001, 2005, 2006, 2010; Zitu and Zhang, 2012; Nguyễn Hòa, 2010; Phan Văn Hòa 2011; Ngũ Thiện Hùng and Trần Thị Thanh Thảo 2011; Hồ Trịnh Quỳnh Thư, 2018 etc.), sadness (Kövecses, 2008, Csillag, 2017; Luo Luo, 2016; Nguyễn Văn Trào, 2009, 2014; Nguyễn Thị Quyết, 2014); poverty (Dodge, 2016) and so forth.