Luận án phân tích tác động cây cao su đến giảm nghèo, sở hữu đất và rừng tại Lào - Hounqphet Chanthavong

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRANING MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SPORT NATIONAL ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LAOS VIETNAM LAOS HOUNGPHET CHANTHAVONG ANALYZING IMPACT OF RUBBER PLANTATION ON POVERTY REDUCTION, LAND OWNERSHIP AND NATURAL FOREST RESOURCE IN NORTHERN LAO PDR Specialty : Economics Agriculture Code : 62. Nguyen Thi Ngoc Huyen A dissertation Submitted to the National Economics University, Vietnam and National University of Laos in fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics HANOI, 2013 Viết thuê luận văn thạc sĩ, luận án tiến sỉ - Luận Văn A-Z Mail: luanvanaz@gmail.399 i DECLARATION Being aware of legal liability I declare, that the diploma thesis was written by myself and it does not include any contents obtained in the illegal way. I also declare that the presented thesis was not a subject of any university professional title’s proceedings previously. In addition I declare that the presented version of the thesis is identical with the electronic version included.

The author of the thesis HOUNGPHET CHANTHAVONG Viết thuê luận văn thạc sĩ, luận án tiến sỉ - Luận Văn A-Z Mail: luanvanaz@gmail.399 ii ABSRACT This examined the economic impacts of rubber plantations on rural people’s livelihoods and forest resources. Sing district of LuangNamTha Province was selected for field data collection and different techniques for data collection at the field level were designed focusing on qualitative data analysis. The outcome from the field data analysis was shared with the government officers at both provincial and national levels. The results of the study illustrated that rubber plantation have both positive and negatives impacts.

The rubber planting provides alternatives on land use opportunity for the upland cultivators and it will also contributes to the achievement of forestry strategies implementation to increase the forest cover in the future. The negative impacts happened to the livelihoods of local people, especially during the awaiting period for latex tapping. However, those impacts will decrease when income can be generated from the rubber latex. The study revealed that immediate technical assistance at the provincial and district level are required.

Natural resource management and land use planning need to be improved to minimize the impacts of wide spreading of land conversion. Viết thuê luận văn thạc sĩ, luận án tiến sỉ - Luận Văn A-Z Mail: luanvanaz@gmail.399 iii ACLNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to extend my deep appreciation to PGS.Nguyen Thi Ngoc Huyen for her advices and supports during my research activities till its completion. I am grateful for Prof. Tran Tho Dat Vice President of National Economics University of Vietnam and Assoc.

Lai Phi Hung, the coordinator for Lao-Vietnam PhD program for his effort facilitating during my study. I would like to express my deep gratitude to all relevant staffs of the Faculty of Forestry, National University of Laos who have been very helpful in facilitating my study. I am very grateful to Prof.Soukkongseng Saignaleuth, the President of National University of Lao PDR for his support and allowing me to enroll in this study program. I have also received impressive supports from my collaborating institutions, including: the Department of Forestry, the Departments of Investment and Planning (Ministry of Planning and Investment), the National Economic Research Institute and the National Land Management Authority.

They have kindly provided me very good sources of relevant information and data. Moreover, the government officials in the province of LuangNamTha and Sing District provided me worthwhile collaboration and assistance during my field research. All visited families and farmers, who were very active involved in giving me accurate information and very much appreciated for their devoted time. Finally, unforgettable, I would like to give special thanks to my colleague at the faculty of Forestry especially Dr.

Sithong Thongmanivong, the director of Natural Resource Management and Climate Change for his support reviewing my writing. I would also like to thank to my whole family members they are always support me to continue my study, especially my loved wife and daughters. Viết thuê luận văn thạc sĩ, luận án tiến sỉ - Luận Văn A-Z Mail: luanvanaz@gmail.399 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS .vi LIST OF FIGURES.

viii CHAPTER 1: THESIS INTRODUCTION .4 Scope of the study and study area.2 Data Collection Method .3 Data Collection Process. 16 CHAPTER 2: ANALYTICAL FRAMWORK OF ANALYZING IMPACT OF RUBBER PLANTATION ON POVERTY REDUCTION, LAND OWNERSHIP AND NATURAL FOREST RESOURCE .1 Basic issue of impact analysis .2 Basic theory of impact evaluation .2 Rubber Plantation Development.1 Overview of Rubber Plantation Development .2 Factors Determining Rubber Plantation Development .3 Plantation and Economic Development .3 Political and Legislation Factors on rubber plantation development .1 Government Strategies for rubber production in Lao PDR .2 Laws related to plantation development. 25 Viết thuê luận văn thạc sĩ, luận án tiến sỉ - Luận Văn A-Z Mail: luanvanaz@gmail.3 Policies related to plantation development.4 Policies on Land Ownership .5 Forest Land Conversion and Concession for Plantation .6 Policies impacts on plantation development .4 Existing approaches for analyzing impact of rubber plantation on poverty reduction and land ownership and natural forest resources .1 Impact of Rubber Plantation on Poverty Reduction .2 Impacts of Rubber Plantation on Land Ownership .3 Impacts of Rubber Plantation on Natural Resource .5 Lesson learn from Vietnam. 58 CHAPTER 3: ANALYZING IMPACTS OF RUBBER PLANTATION ON POVERTY REDUCTION AND LAND OWNERSHIP AND NATURAL FOREST RESOURCES IN NORTHERN LAOS .1 Overview of Sing District, North of Laos .2 Rubber Introduction in Northern Laos .3 Factors Determining Rubber Plantation Development in Northern Laos .1 Lao Government’s Foreign Investment Promotion Policy .2 Regional Market Influences .4 Impacts of Rubber Plantation on Poverty Reduction, Land Ownership and Natural Forest Resource in Northern Laos .1 Impact on Poverty Reduction .2 Impact on land ownership .3 Impact on Natural resources .5 Reason of negative impacts.

83 CHAPTER4: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION. 99 Viết thuê luận văn thạc sĩ, luận án tiến sỉ - Luận Văn A-Z Mail: luanvanaz@gmail.399 vi ABBREVIATION Lao PDR Lao People’s Democratic Republic DAFI Development of Agriculture, Forestry and Industry NAFRI National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute FRC Forest Research Centre PAFO Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office DAFEO District Agriculture and Forestry Extension Office IRSC International Rubber Study Group WWF World Wide Fund FDI Foreign Direct Investment CPI Committee Planning and Investment FAO Food and Agriculture Organization MAF Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry NTFPs Non-Timber Forest Products PPID Provincial Planning and Investment Division SEIA Social Environment Impact Assessment NLMA National Land Management Authority MPI Ministry of Planning and Investment MOD Ministry of Defense CPMI Committee for Promotion Management of Investment DOF Department of Forestry GTZ German Technical Cooperation Viết thuê luận văn thạc sĩ, luận án tiến sỉ - Luận Văn A-Z Mail: luanvanaz@gmail.399 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.2: Number of interviewees in each studied village .3: Number of interviewees in each studied village by economic status .1: Land use types and their responsible body .2: Scope permission for land lease and concession .3: Differentiation between land lease and concession .4: Plantation investment projects in provinces.5: Investment areas before and after land concession project in Barjieng and LaoGnam district .1: Rubber plantation in hectare by provinces, in Laos .2: Rubber Plantation in five provinces in the North, Laos-2006 .3: Hardyao Village Land Zoning, 2005 and 2011. 78 Viết thuê luận văn thạc sĩ, luận án tiến sỉ - Luận Văn A-Z Mail: luanvanaz@gmail.399 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Map of Sing District .2: Conceptual framework of the research study .1: Bottom up concession flow .2: Top down concession flow .1: Willing of households in rubber plantation investment and involvement .2: Main income sources of visited villagers, categorized by socioeconomic status.3: An increase in rice areas in Sing district in 1999 and 2009 .4: Cost of rubber products before exporting .5: Comparing rubber incomes among three different groups .6: Livelihood improvement resulting from rubber plantation expansion .7: Comparing GDP growth in LuangNamtha province, 2003 to 2008 .8: Percentage of forest and land use changes between 1991 and 2004, Sing district .9: Rubber Plantation Area in 2006, 2007 and 2010 (Planned), Sing district .10: Comparing Rubber Plantation Area in different districts, 2002 to 2008.11: Map of Sing’s Land Use and Forest Cover 2002. 83 Viết thuê luận văn thạc sĩ, luận án tiến sỉ - Luận Văn A-Z Mail: luanvanaz@gmail.399 1 CHAPTER 1 THESIS INTRODUCTION Sustainable forestry and land use to promote social and economic development is a key component of development policy in many developing countries.

Putting in place the right combination of resource use, industrial development policies to meet these goals is a complex policy challenge. This thesis analyzes Impacts of Rubber Plantation on Poverty Reduction, Land Ownership and Natural Forest Resource in Northern, Lao PDR using in-dept interview technique for data collection as well as using conduction analysis to produce the results. This chapter provides an overview of the thesis and its structure. It begins by discussing the problem statement of the research, followed by its rationality, objectives, questions, scope, research site, contribution and limitation of the present study.

It then outlines the structure of the study.1 Rationale A demand for rubber production has grown worldwide significantly over the past decades due to rapid progressive economies of China and India. Global rubber consumption has risen up to 5.9% in average annually since early 2000s (Douangsavanh, Thammavong& Noble 2008 &Vongkhamor, S. Although the market for rubber in industrial nations is more stable and unlikely expected to increase, rubber is extremely increasing in "New Asia emerging economies" including China, India and other the ASEAN countries. In 2003, China’s rubber imports shot up almost 24% (Raintree 2005).

This has created opportunities for, then, rubber plantation programs to be largely invested in potential rubber producing countries in order to supply the rubber market demand. In Lao PDR, historically, rubber was first introduced by French planters in Champasack Province (in 1930) during the colonial period. After that, more than 50 Viết thuê luận văn thạc sĩ, luận án tiến sỉ - Luận Văn A-Z Mail: luanvanaz@gmail.399 2 hectares of rubber plantation areas were again established into Bachiangchalernsouk District, Champasack Province by the Development of Agriculture, Forestry and Industry (DAFI) (NAFRI 2008). From 1994 to 1996, over 342 hectares of rubber plantation were established by the Hmong villagers at HadNyao village, Namtha district, Laungnamtha Province.

In this period, rubber plantation development was in an initial stage. However, rubber plantation has been rapidly increasing in the last few years, resulting from the high market demand for latex from China, India, Thailand and Vietnam (Alton et al., 2005; FRC, 2005) and a consequence of establishment of recent government policy on the investment promotion. This creates more opportunities for both foreign and domestic investors to interest in large scale investment business on land concession. The government of Laos has recognized investors’ interest in rubber production as the best economic potential which could contributes to the national economy and ensure socially and economically improvement of local farmers.

“Lao PDR is aiming to expand its rubber cultivated area to 180,000 hectares by 2010. Through this expansion policy, income will be generated through the export of rubber, and it is expected to create jobs for plantation workers, tappers, processors and rubber dealers. This policy will also enhance Laos’ various resettlement strategies and rapidly alleviate poverty among the rural communities. Through the rubber industry, it is hoped that further foreign direct investment will flow into Laos (Rasphone 2009).

Since earlier 1990s, promotion of agricultural commodities’ production has been implemented in the Northern part of Lao PDR in order to stabilize shifting cultivation and opium poppy production. Para rubber regarded as “green gold” or “the tree of hopes” was introduced in various areas in Northern provinces. Since 2000, the Government of Laos has opened land investment for rubber plantation to both domestic and foreign enterprise, aiming to improve rural people’s livelihoods and to graduate from poverty.