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VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY FOSTERING HIGH PERFORMANCE THROUGH LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF TOURISM SECTOR DO THANH TUNG PBAIU18004 A Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Business Administration Ho Chi Minh City – June, 2023 VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY FOSTERING HIGH PERFORMANCE THROUGH LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF TOURISM SECTOR Doctor of Philosophy in Business Administration DO THANH TUNG PBAIU18004 SUPERVISOR: Assoc. Mai Ngoc Khuong (PhD.) Ho Chi Minh City – June, 2023 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT This copy of the dissertation has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognize that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the dissertation and no information derived from it may be published without the author’s prior consent. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my advisor Assoc. Mai Ngoc Khuong for his continuous support and guidance from the preparation to the completion of this dissertation.

His vision, knowledge and enthusiasm are my truly inspiration and motivation. I am extremely grateful that he always provides me with insightful advice and encouragement whenever I need. I would like to thank professors and lecturers at School of Business – HCMIU for providing me with valuable knowledge on research and publication. I would like to thank Assoc.

Nguyen Nhu Ty, Mr. Son and Ms. Thanh for guidance and support with registration and procedure during my PhD. Last but not least, it is my luckiness to have unconditional and endless love from my family.

I would like to thank my mother for taking care of my every day and a being shoulder for me to cry on during my depressed time. A big thank to my younger brother for helping me install statistical software and deal with IT problems. I also thank my beloved Dad. Although he passed away years ago, I truly believe that he still casts an eye over what I am doing and wishes me all the best.

ii PREFACE Chapter 1 and 2 of this dissertation have been published as (1) Mai, N. (2022), “Review of Empirical Research on Leadership and Firm Performance”, SAGE OPEN, Vol. (2021), “Organizational learning and firm performance: a systematic review”, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Vol. (2020), “Review of empirical research on leadership and organizational learning”, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol.

(2020), “High-performance organization: a literature review”, Journal of Strategy and Management, Vol. (2020), “A systematic review on high performance organization”, Management Research Review, Vol. (2020), “The evolution of leadership theories: A literature review“, in Xuan-Vinh, V. and Dong-Phong, N.), Book Series: Vietnam and the Global Economy, World Scientific Publishing, Singapore.

Chapter 3, 4, and 5 of this dissertation have been published as (1) Mai, N. (2022), “The impact of leadership competences, organizational learning and organizational innovation on business performance”, Business Process Management Journal, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print; (2) Mai, N.

(2022), “The impact of leadership traits and organizational learning on business innovation”, Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, Vol. (2022), “Fostering organizational high performance through leadership and organizational learning: evidence from tourism firms in Vietnam”, Journal for International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print; and (4) Mai, N.

(2023), “Leadership competencies, organizational learning, and organizational performance of tourism iii firms: evidence from a developing country”, Tourism and Hospitality Management, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. (SCOPUS Q3) I was responsible for the literature review, data collection and analysis, as well as the manuscript composition.

Nguyen Xuan Nhi and lecturers at Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Mr. Hang and two MBA students at HCMIU assisted with the data collection at Ho Chi Minh City, Nha Trang and Can Tho. My advisor contributed to concept formation, data analysis, and manuscript edits. iv PUBLICATIONS, CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS AND AWARDS OF THE CANDIDATE RELATED TO THIS DISSERTATION Publications Mai, N.

(2023), “The role of leadership and organizational learning in fostering high performance of tourism firms in Vietnam”, Cogent Business & Management, 10: 21464139. (2023), “Leadership competencies, organizational learning, and organizational performance of tourism firms: evidence from a developing country”, Tourism and Hospitality Management, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print.

(2023), “Fostering organizational high performance through leadership and organizational learning: evidence from tourism firms in Vietnam”, Journal for International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. (2022), “The impact of leadership competences, organizational learning and organizational innovation on business performance”, Business Process Management Journal, Vol.

ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. (2022), “The impact of leadership traits and organizational learning on business innovation”, Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, Vol. (2022), “Review of Empirical Research on Leadership and Firm Performance”, SAGE OPEN, Vol.

(2021), “Organizational learning and firm performance: a systematic review”, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Vol. (2020), “Review of empirical research on leadership and organizational learning”, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. (2020), “High-performance organization: a literature review”, Journal of Strategy and Management, Vol. (2020), “A systematic review on high performance organization”, Management Research Review, Vol.

(2020), “The evolution of leadership theories: A literature review“, in Xuan-Vinh, V. and Dong-Phong, N.), Book Series: Vietnam and the Global Economy, World Scientific Publishing, Singapore. (Book Chapter, International Publisher) Conference Papers Mai, N. (2022), “The effects of leaders’ need for achievement on organizational learning, organizational innovation and business performance”, In Proceeding of the 5th International Conference on Economics, Business and Tourism (ISBN: 978-604-73-9144-8) in International University – VNU-HCM, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 2022, VNU Publisher, Vietnam.

(2022), “Leadership personality and management quality: the mediating role of knowledge acquisition”, In Proceeding of the 5th International Conference on Economics, Business and Tourism (ISBN: 978-604-73-9144-8) in International University – VNU- HCM, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 2022, VNU Publisher, Vietnam. (2022), “How leaders’ core self-evaluation affects organizational learning, innovation and high performance”, In Proceeding of the 5th International Conference on Economics, Business and vi Tourism (ISBN: 978-604-73-9144-8) in International University – VNU- HCM, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 2022, VNU Publisher, Vietnam. (2019), “Leadership research in tourism: A systematic review”, In Proceeding of the 1st International Conference on Economics, Business and Tourism (ISBN: 978-604-73-7056-6) in International University – VNU-HCM, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 2019, VNU Publisher, Vietnam, pp. Awards The research in this dissertation was awarded with the third prize of “Excellent Student Research Award” granted by VNU-HCM in 2020 under Decision No.

vi TABLE OF CONTENTS COPYRIGHT STATEMENT.iii PUBLICATIONS, CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS AND AWARDS OF THE CANDIDATE RELATED TO THIS DISSERTATION.v TABLE OF CONTENTS.viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.xii LIST OF TABLES.xiii LIST OF FIGURES.xiv LIST OF APPENDICES.xvi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.2 Rationales for the Research.5 Contribution of the Research.7 Scope of the Research. Structure of the Dissertation.15 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.1 Resource-Based View Theory.2 Knowledge-Based View Theory.3 Ability-Motivation-Opportunity Theory.2 Prevailing Approaches to Leadership.1 Traits Approach to Leadership.2 Skills and Competencies Approach to Leadership.3 Behavioral Approach to Leadership.4 Contingency Approach to Leadership.3 Emerging Approaches to Leadership.1 Shared/Distributed and Relational Leadership.5 Research on Leadership.1 Defining and Conceptualizing Organizational Learning.2 Research on Organizational Learning.4 High Organizational Performance.1 Defining and Conceptualizing High Organizational Performance.2 Research on High Organizational Performance.1 Leadership and Organizational Learning.2 Leadership and High Organizational Performance.3 Organizational Learning and High Organizational Performance.4 Leadership, Organizational Learning, and High Organizational Performance 57 2.2 Mixed Methods Research Design.3 Qualitative Research Design.2 Interview Protocol Development.3 Data Collection and Analysis.3 Operational Definitions, Instrumentation, and Survey Design.5 Reliability, Validity, and Utility. 83 CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS AND RESULTS.1 Respondent Profiles and Analysis Processes.2 Leaders’ Perspectives on High Organizational Performance in Tourism Firms .3 Leaders’ Perspectives on Organizational Learning in Tourism Firms.4 Leadership Approaches of Leaders in Tourism Firms.1 Traits of leaders.2 Competences of leaders.3 Behaviors of leaders.1 Demographics and Descriptive Statistics.1 Demographics and Representative Samples.2 Examining the measurement models.1 Assessing Reflective Measurement Models.1 Examining the indicator loadings.2 Assessing internal consistency reliability.2 Assessing Formative Measurement Models.1 Assessing collinearity of the formative indicators.2 Assessing the indicator weights’ statistical significance and relevance.3 Examining the structural models.2 Path coefficients and Hypotheses Testing.1 The impact of leadership on organizational learning.2 The impact of leadership on high organizational performance.3 The impact of organizational learning on high organizational performance.4 The mediating role of organizational learning. 133 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS.1 Implications for theory.2 Implications for practice.

Limitations and areas for future research.183 Appendix 1: Interview Protocol.183 Appendix 2: Sources of measurement scales.189 Appendix 3: Questionnaire in English. 193 Appendix 4: Questionnaire in Vietnamese.197 Appendix 5: Charts of validity and reliability of the constructs.201 Appendix 6: Results of blindfolding technique.207 Appendix 7: Final Results of PLS-SEM. 215 Appendix 8: Outer Weights (Mean, STDEV, T-Values, P-Values).231 Appendix 9: Model of EFA and reliability.234 Appendix 10: Model of blindfolding result.235 Appendix 11: PLS-SEM (Bootstrap).236 xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ALM Administrative Leadership AVE Average Variance Extracted CEO Chief Executive Officer CFA Confirmatory Factor Analysis COG Cognitive Competence CR Composite Reliability CSE Core Self-Evaluation EFA Exploratory Factor Analysis GDP Gross Domestic Product GLM Generative Leadership HTMT Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio INT Interpersonal Competence NAR Narcissism NFA Need for achievement OHP High Organizational Performance OL Organizational Learning PLS-SEM Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling ROR Results-Orientation Competence RPR Risk Propensity RQ Research Questions SD Standard Deviation SEM Structural Equation Modelling VIF Variance Inflation Factor xi LIST OF TABLES Table 2. Summary of theoretical framework.

Summary of Literature Review. Operational Definitions and Instrumentation. Handling survey biases issues. Summary of Data Collection.

Summary of Participants in Qualitative Study. Interview Questions and Expected Results. Summary of Insights from Interviews. Demographic Characteristics of the Sample (N= 638).

Descriptive Statistics of Dependence Variables. Descriptive Statistics of Independence Variables. Factor Loading Indicators. Reliability and Validity.

Discriminant validity-Formell and Lacker Criterion. Discriminant validity-Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio. Variance Inflation Factor Values. Structural Model Fit.

Path Coefficients and Hypothesis Testing. Indirect Effect on High Organizational Performance. 135 xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. Literature Review Map.

Proposed Research Framework of this Study. Aspects and Statistics to Consider in a PLS-SEM Analysis. Leadership Approaches and Organizational Outcomes. Final PLS-SEM model.

Path Coefficients of The Structural Equation.128 xi LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1: Interview Protocol.183 Appendix 2: Sources of measurement scales.189 Appendix 3: Questionnaire in English. 193 Appendix 4: Questionnaire in Vietnamese.197 Appendix 5: Charts of validity and reliability of the constructs.201 Appendix 6: Results of blindfolding technique.207 Appendix 7: Final Results of PLS-SEM. 215 Appendix 8: Outer Weights (Mean, STDEV, T-Values, P-Values).231 Appendix 9: Model of EFA and reliability.234 Appendix 10: Model of blindfolding result.235 Appendix 11: PLS-SEM (Bootstrap).236 x ABSTRACT Today’s global business landscape has been characterized as competitive and multifaceted and organizations are seeking a modern approach to create more values for customers and achieve superior performance. This study extended prior work exploring components of leadership and developed a comprehensive framework examining how leadership and organizational learning facilitate the achievement of high organizational performance.

A sequential, mixed-methods approach was used in this study. In-depth interviews are employed to explore leadership dimensions manifesting in the tourism firms. Based on these qualitative data and a review of existing literature, we designed an instrument to survey leaders in the sector. SmartPLS is applied to perform PLS-SEM statistical techniques with 638 responses from survey questionnaire.

The research findings offered evidence that traits, competencies, and complexity leadership behaviors of leaders could influence organizational learning and high organizational performance. Besides, the mediating role of organizational learning enriched the content of resource-based view and knowledge-based view theories by revealing one of the mechanisms through which leadership affects high organizational performance. This study made a significant contribution to leadership, organizational learning, and high organizational performance literature by providing a comprehensive framework of the relationships among these phenomena using mixed-methods approach. This study also provided some culture-specific insights about strategies to foster high organizational performance through leadership and organizational learning in a developing country and recommended some avenues for further investigation of the three domains in the future.

x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This chapter provides an overview of the dissertation, including research background, rationales for the research, research objectives, and research questions.