A comparative study of the bhikhhu patimokkha of the principal buddhist schools

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE BHIKHHU PATIMOKKHA OF THE PRINCIPAL BUDDHIST SCHOOLS THE THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Under the guidance of: Submitted by Dr. Krishna Murari TRUONG THAI SIEU Ph. of AT& AS Magadh University, Bodhgaya, INDIA MAGADH UNIVERSITY, BODH - GAYA 2002 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Ven. TRUONG THAI SIEU, a bonafide research scholar in the Department of Ancient Indian and Asian Studies, has satisfactorily prepared his thesis entitled “A Comparative Study of the Bhikkhu Patimokkha of the Principal Buddhist Schools” under my supervision and guidance.

The present work incorporates the results of his independent study and embodies his own researches. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the work is original and the contents of the thesis did not at any time form a basis of award of any previous degree to anyone from any University; and the present work is worthy of presentation for examination. J fy” = +“ Kon 201v 8⁄2 ⁄ < [0 Prof. Krishna Murari Prof.

Yagal Kishore Mishra Supervisor Professor and Head Department of Ancient Department of Ancient Indian and Asian Studies Indian and Asian Studies University of Magadh University of Magadh Bodh Gaya Bodhb Gaya, Acknowledgment Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sama sambuddhassa The student life is the most interesting life because the purity and emptiness of mind as like the transparent and blue sky in the early moming of the Spring season without covering any black cloud. Our futuer Will follow step by step going to school every day. The school is a place where anyone can get good conduct, new knowledge, happiness, skilful career. or Doctor is the only first step to enter into the threshold of the world, no more, no less.

We must study again and again because man as well as our surroundings always change and there are many marvellous things being discovered. Family, school and society play an important role for training a man. The Buddhism has five main kinds of education, such as: 1. Education by body 4, Education by silence 2.

Education by speech 5. Education by practice 3. Education by punishment It applies not only to monk and nun but also to layman and laywoman. The final purpose of the Buddhist education is: * How to teach everybody to see the way of the enlightenment.

How to obtain sainthood in the present life * How to retum this world to help all people to be free from suffering * How to keep peace of mind. The University of Dethi where I got M. degree —in Buddhist studies, gave me so many unforgettable images, in which, I, during two years, learnt some experiences of the teaching from professors and ail lively activities as well as its good organizational system. Magadha University was located in Bihar State, Northern India where many Budhist vestiges have been discovered and an ancient famous University of India was also looked for, named: Nalanda University.

I went there with a very simple dream. It is not to see the most important professor amongst of the great professors. Itis not to learn a new theory of Buddhism. It is not to get Ph.

degree that is more valuable than other Universities. In a few early days, with whole hearted help of professor Yagat Kishore Mishra, Head of Ancient India and Asian Studies, I get an admission in Magadha University. I’m every thankful for his kindness. I’m very happy to accept Dr.

Krishna Murari, a respectable Professor as my supervisor. He gave me many pieces of precious advices, my deep gratitude always directs to him, I never forget his honest mind. Lalways remember honourable scholars, some paragraphs in your books which are quoted in this thesis, my small heart has all of your pretty faces. How to see images of many groups of monks every morning going to ask for alms in front of layman or non layman’s house.

At noon, they go to a forest to take their given meals together, after that, all of them meditate under the shades of trees. The Patimokkhas do not only help them to get a happy life but also protect them from five dangerous desires (wealth, sex, fame, food and sleep). So, their minds are very pure, their hearts are very generous On other hand, they have both: compassion and wisdom. I would like to thank for all and wish everybody to get peace of mind.

Delhi 9-India March, 2002 TRUONG THAI SIEU iti CONTENTS - Acknowledgement - Abbreviations - Contents CHAPTER I: Introduction CHAPTER I: Comparative Study of the Patimokkhas of Six Principai Schools of Buddhism * Section A: Comparison of the Four Parajika 14 * Section B : Comparison of the Thirteen Samghadisesa 38 * Section C: Comparison of the Two Aniyata 87 CHAPTER Tit * Section A: Comparison of the Thirty Nissaggiya — Pacittiya * Section B : Comparison of the Ninety Pacittiya CHAPTER IV * Section A: Comparison of the Four Patidesaniya * Section B : Comparison of the One hundred Sekhiya * Section C : Comparison of the Seven Adhikarana — Samatha CHAPTER V: * Section A: The Impact of Patimokkha 1. Individual and Community 404 2. Progress of Spirit 405 3. Ethics and Society 408 * Section B: The Influences of the Sangha 1.

Education and Politics 409 2. Culture and Thought 411 * Section C : The Relation of the Pãtimokkha with the Sangha 1. The role of the Sangha 2. The Sangha in the Future 414 416 CHAPTER VI; Conclusion 419 - Appendix — The Name of the Rules 433 - Bibliography Abbreviations The six schools: Theravadavinaya Thera Nom Dharmaguptavinaya Dharma Mahãsanghikavinaya Maha ow MahTsäsakavinaya Mahi Mailasarvastivadavinaya Mila “ Sarvastivadavinaya SarA, Adikammika Adi Adhikarana samatha Adhi Aniyata Ani Dhammapada Dhp.

Nissaggiya pacittiya Pacittiya Pali Pali Text Society Parajika Patidesaniya Sanghadisesa San Sanskrit Sekhiya Sekhi Thuliaccaya Translated Trans. CHAPTERI Introduction Buddhism appeared in India over twenty-five centuries ago. Now, it is one of the famous religions in the world, although, its doctrine was not changed but almost activities of the monks, nuns, novices, female novices as well as lay-men, lay-women are not like a few years of the early Buddhism because it is no longer in Northern India as it was in the ancient period. What are the essentials of Buddhism? That is : Triratma or Three Refuges or Triple Gems : Buddha - Dhamma and Sangha.

The Buddha He, before becoming the Buddha, was an outstanding prince, his father named: Suddhodana, the powerful king ruled Kapilavatthu, an ancient kingdom of Northern India, in 540’s B., his mother named : Maya, the most beautiful queen, his wife named: Yasodhara and his son named: Rahula. In green years, he gave up the throne, the nice wife and the lovely son, he, with a noble purpose to find out a way in which everybody is free from suffering, went to the thick forest alone. After six years, thinking deeply on this matter and practising meditation, he found out that way. At that time, he came back Varanasi, near Benares at Deer Park where his five old ascetic friends were living.

Here, he preached his first sermon named Dhammacakkhappavattana Sutta (The Turning of the Wheel of Dhamma) to them. After listening to and thinking this sermon, several new ideas illuminated in their mind as the rays of lightning flashed in the dark sky. They requested the Buddha to accept them as his disciples, the Buddha called them: Ehi bhikkh: come, monks. In this world, for the first time, the Three Refuges were established.

The Buddha : It is the very Sakyamuni Buddha The Dhamma : It is the very Dhammacakkhappavattanasutta The Sangha : It is the very five old ascetic friends” The Dhamma The 80 years old Buddha, on the full moon day, entered into the Mahaparinibbana; the rainy season of that year, 500 Arahantas organized the first Buddhist Council at Sattapannigtihd (Seven - Leaves - Cave), near the Hot Spring, in Rajagaha, under the leadership of Mahdkassapa and under the support of Ajatasattu, the king of Magadha, in which the sutta was recited by the venerable Ananda, the venerable Upali recited the Vinaya and the Abhidhamma was added latter by many Buddhist commentors or other scholars. The content of this thesis touches upon only the six principal Buddhist schools that will be compared together, the patimokkha of the Dharmaguptavinaya is the most popular one, therefore it is chosen among them to be the main Patimokkha, such as: 1. The Mũlasarvästivädavinaya 3. The Sarvastivadavinaya The Patimokkha of the Theravada that belongs to the Sthaviravadin, was recorded by the Palibhasa, it was translated into English, Chinese.

and it is very popular in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Miamar, Srilanka. The rest were recorded by the Sanskrit language and were translated into English, Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese, Tibetan. languages, they are popular in China, Vietnam, Japan, Korean. What is the Patimokkha? i Z Th The'Patimokkha (Pali) which is derived from the Pratimokga (Sanskrit) is made of two words : the prefix Prati meaning separate or against, and the root Vmuc.ineaning to be free from or to liberate, so Patimokkha or Pratimoksa mean to be free from (defilements); on the other hand, the patimokkha is the rules of the monks.

We can find out many examples of this term in the Tripitaka, such as:. The Patimokkha as gem for embellishing body. ° The Patimokkha as float, raft, boat, ship. for crossing over stream, river, sea.

° The Patimokkha as a solid dyke for preventing inunadation. The Patimokkha as a brave guardian for guarding six organs. ` The Patimokkha as a store house of the numberless merit. The P&timokkha is the one of the Three fold Training (Sila-Samadhi-Pafifia) The Patimokkha plays the most important role in the Buddhism and the Buddhist ethics always depends on the Patimokkha, so, those who want to become a nobleman, should often keep it voluntarity.

It has never prohibited anyone from having belief in (Buddhism) or not; or having to follow or not, this is an original thought in the Buddhism. There are five main types of the Patimokkha. 1, The Patimokkha for the monks (250 rules). The Patimokkha for the nuns (350 rules).

The Patimokkha for the female probationers (6 rules)” 4. The Patimokkha for the male, female novices( 10 rules) 5. The Patimokkha for the laymen, Laywomen (5 rules). How to keep it? and Why do you violate that rule? Those are the questions, you should try to understand them clearly.

It has four prime categories, such as: 1L, To do is to keep 3. To stop is to keep 2. To do is to violate 4. To stop is to violate.

In the field of the Vinaya, there are special cases, the following quotations should be made clear to them. To do is to keep He has extra ‘oles br bowls, he should give them to another monks, if he does not do that, he violates a rule. To do is to violate He does not allow to kill human beings, if he does that, he violates a rule. To stop is to keep He is admonished by the monks upto three times, if he stops (abandons) it, this is good (or to keep the rule).

4, To stop is to violate Whoever monk should attend the Uposatha day for the Sangha (reciting the Patimokkha day) two times in a month, if he stops to attend, he violates a rule. The Patimokkha which is one of the most important parts in the Tripitaka, is main principle of the daily life of the monks or nuns, it has the two patimokkhas: The first is the Patimokkha of the monks The second is the Patimokkha of the nuns Here, the Patimokkha of the monks will be discussed and presented in the next chapter. In the Dharmaguptavinaya, the Patimokkha of the monks has 250 rules which are divided into the following eight parts: 1.