Mô phỏng động lực học và vận chuyển trầm tích trong vịnh Delaware - Luận án tiến sĩ

Simulation of Hydrodynamics and Sediment Transport Patterns in Delaware Bay A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Drexel University by Tevfik Kutay Celebioglu in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2006 UMI Number: 3240330 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.

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Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 Drexel University Office of Research and Graduate Studies Thesis Approval Form (For Masters and Doctoral Students) Hagerty Library will bond a copy of this form with each copy of your thesis/dissertation. This thesis, entitled Simulation of Hydrodynamics and Sediment Transport Patterns in Delaware Bay and authored by_ Tevfik Kutay Celebioglu , is hereby accepted and approved. Signatures: Chairman, Examining Committee: Supervisjig Professor: / “ane hh ; Vo I (ane VA il Dedications This work is dedicated to my son, whose heart will beat in a brave new world. iii Acknowledgements This thesis is a result of four years of work, during which I have been inspired by many people.

| would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to them. I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor Dr. Michael Piasecki for his guidance, generosity and kindness. He made it possible for me to get a NASA fellowship, a “Best Teaching Assistant Award” and this degree.

In my four years at Drexel University, he let me find my way, helped me to be productive, let me do what I liked the most: teaching, and prepared me for my future career. You can see his imprints from the first day of this research to the last. I would like to thank all the committee members, Dr. Richard Weggel, Dr.

Christopher Sommerfield, Dr. Ralph Cheng and Dr. Weggel taught me so much in his courses; he kindly provided me help whenever I asked for it. Sommerfield’s expertise in Delaware Bay sediments led me in my modeling efforts.

Cheng, made my visit to USGS possible, where I implemented my turbulence code into the UnTRIM engine, I won’t forget his kindness. Olson didn’t hesitate to accept my offer to be in my committee. I am grateful to all of them. I would also like to thank my officemates, Bora Beran and Yoori Choi for their friendship and support.

I would like to thank my mother, my father and my sister, for their support, encouragement and love. They were there for me when I needed them. Finally I would like to thank to my wife, my love, my baby’s mother, for bearing with me. She shared every minute of my work, joy and sorrow.

It wouldn’t be possible without you. Table of Contents IILSM9) 39. Vi LIST OF 9/60). vii ABSTRACT ou.ẶẶ SH H111 111 1x key | <6 0c.

LH HH nh ng nh ng 3 1. Specific needs for Delaware ESẦUATY.c TQ L SH HH ng niên 8 1. Objectives of the Study.- o ch Họ TT H0 0 12 1. Organization of the theSIS.-- 5 Sàn HH HH HH ng 15 CHAPTER 2: NUMERICAL MODELL.

Aspects of 3-D modeling. Choice of Appropriate COe. 4 nọ th TH TH HH nh ng bo 18 2. sọ TH TH.

Unstructured Orthogonal GTi(. cọ HH HH TH TH HH gu 27 2. Generic Length Scale Model .-- sóng 31 CHAPTER 3: HYDRODYNAMIC MODELING. c0 HH TH ng HH Hư42 3.

Characteristics of the EStUATY. Review of Previous SfUdÌ€S. cọ HH nenvkcộ45 3. Grid Generation with JANET vou.

ccc ch HH HH HH ng ke 49 `. Results and DISCUSSIOT.L LH HH HT HH ng ng và 75 CHAPTER 4: SEDIMENT MODELING.L HH HH HH He crssk 103 4.L LH n HT ng KT ng re 103 4. Sediment Surveys and LIf€TAfUT. co tt ng vn 103 4.

Theory of Models.-- HH HH ng ng 107 4. HH HH HH HH HH TH TH KH nh 110 4. Results and DiSCUSSIOTS. Gvkg 118 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIƠNS.G QQ ng ke 137 5.

Summary and Conclusions. --- «sàn HH g nngygry 137 5. G0 Họng 1 gen 142 LIST OF REFERENCES. ng vế 143 vì List of Tables Values of Constants for Generic Length Scale Model.

co 37 USGS Station Names and Numbers,.- TH HH ng ke 67 Nodal Factor and Equilibrium Argument of Tidal Constituents. 71 Frequency and Period of Each Tidal Constifuent. sex, 71 Harmonic Analysis Results for Cape May Station. se, 84 Harmonic Analysis Results for Lewes Sfation.

nen xe 84 Harmonic Analysis Results for Brandywine Shoal Light Station. 85 Harmonic Analysis Results for Ship John Shoal Light Station. 85 Phase of Each Tidal Constituent at Cape May Station. Phase of Each Tidal Constituent at Lewes Station.

Phase of Each Tidal Constituent at Brandywine Shoal Light Station. Phase of Each Tidal Constituent at Ship John Shoal Light Station. Root Mean Square Error for Salinity Time Series. Delaware River Suspended Sediment Load.

- St ng gieo 116 15. Schuylkill River Suspended Sediment Load. Type of Bedload FormulatiOTIS.- - SH nh TT ng 0 10 kg. 172 Vil List of Figures Orthogonal unstructured grid on a 2-D pÌane.-- sàn nh He 25 Delaunay triangulation with Voronoi tessellation.::ccccsceeesseteeeeeereetsceeees 26 Tidal Delaware River Basimn.

cà HH HH TH HH HH như 43 Bathymetry (DTM) of the domain. --- Sàn HH Hye 32 Polygons used to split the domain into four sub-domains. 55 Alignment of elements to the navigation channel near Rancocas Creek. 56 Gradual change in grid size near eW€S.-- -- Án H99 Hư 58 Level of deviation from orthogonality for a quadrilateral element.

-- -«- c9 HT HT HT Hà 9 nà 60 11. Mixed quadrilateral and triangular gT1d. Construction pOÏYðOTIS.-- -- Ác HH TH TH TT TH ni ni 62 13. Nested triangular eÏern€rifS.

Vdatum domain COV€TAØ. -GQ HT TH Tế 64 15. Gauging stations in Delaware River Basin. Inflow hydrograph for major TÏVTS.

- -- -- si HH HH nh nh HH 66 17. Tidal forcing for an element at the continental shelf boundary. Along and across - shelf wind forcing. Location Of SfAfIOTNS.

- cọ nọ gu và 77 VIH 21. Measured and simulated water levels with different turbulence closures at Cape J0) P. Measured and simulated water levels with different turbulent closures at Lewes M000. Measured and simulated water levels with different closures at Brandywine Shoal 1n 010707.

Measured and simulated water levels with different turbulent closures at Ship John Shoal Light Station 0. Location of upstream Stations. Water surface elavations for algebraic model. Measured and simulated salinity values at Ship John station.

Tidal averaged salinity profiles 10. Along channel salinity profile for a flood tide. Along channel salinity profile for ebb tÏde. Turbulence parameters for GLS closures at Ship John Shoal Light.

Maximum velocity profiles for flood and ebb tides for Ship John Shoal Light StALION 0 ốố. Configuration of sediment transport mOdel. -- -- «sex xe ree 107 35. Suspended sediment load for Delaware R.

Suspended sediment load for Schuylkill RÌÏV€T. Inflow values during the sfOrTm.-- sọ HH HH ng kp 118 38. Tidally averaged simulation results and survey da†a. Settling velocity amplitudes along shipping channel.

Sediment concentrations (mg/l) along shipping channel for a flood tide. Sediment concentrations (mg/l) along shipping channel for an ebb tide. Sedimentological and geological survey of the upper Delaware Estuary. Erodible depth at the end of simulÌatiOn.-- k9 HH9 gi, 127 44, Comparison of simulation and survey reSuÌS.

Snapshots of erosion and deposition for the last 15 days of simulation. Suspended sediment concentrations (mg/l) for the test case ( 0-3 days). Suspended sediment concentrations (mg/l) for the test case ( 3-6 days). Suspended sediment concentrations(mg/I) for the test case ( 6-9 days).

Erosion depths (mm) for bottom sediments with and without storm. Calibration range of bed load formtuÌas. 172 Abstract Simulation of Hydrodynamics and Sediment Transport Patterns in Delaware Bay Tevfik Kutay Celebioglu Michael Piasecki, Ph. This research seeks to increase understanding of hydrodynamic processes influencing the salinity intrusion and sediment transport patterns by simulating the complex flows in Delaware Estuary.

For this purpose, a three-dimensional numerical model is developed for the tidal portion of the Delaware Estuary using the UnTRIM hydrodynamic kernel. The model extends from Trenton, NJ south past the inlet at Cape May, NJ and incorporates a large portion of the continental shelf. The simulation efforts are focused on summer 2003. A variable, harmonically decomposed, water level boundary condition of three diurnal (Ki, Qi, O) and four semi- diurnal (K2, S2, N2, Mz) components are used to regenerate the observed tidal signals in the bay.

The effect of forcing by the Chesapeake Bay through the Chesapeake-Delaware canal is also modeled. The major forcings such as inflow and wind is used to better reproduce the observed characteristics. Various turbulence closure models are compared for use in Delaware Estuary to best represent the salinity intrusion patterns. In particular, seven different turbulence closures, five of which are two-equation closure models, are used for comparison.

Four of these models are implemented in the UnTRIM hydrodynamic code using Generic Length Scale xi (GLS) approach that mimics the models through its parameter combinations. The original Yamada Mellor level 2.5 code is used as the fifth one. The water levels are compared with data available from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration observation stations. Harmonic analysis to observations and simulations are performed.

All turbulence models perform similar in performance representing the tidal conditions. Salinity time series data is available at Ship John Shoal Light Station for the 62 day simulation period. In addition to the time series data, a survey performed by University of Delaware along the main shipping channel in June 2003 is available. Simulation with different turbulence closures yielded substantially different results.

Among the seven closures compared, the k-e parameterization of GLS is found to best represent the observed salinity characteristics. The k-é model is used in the sediment transport modeling. The model results are compared to the available sediment data from a survey performed in spring 2003. The location of turbidity maximum is accurately identified by k—e model.

Background The Delaware Estuary is located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, surrounded by portions of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. An estuary is where fresh water from a river mixes with salt water from an ocean or bay. The Delaware Estuary stretches approximately 210 km (Sharp, 1984), from the falls of the Delaware River between Trenton, New Jersey, and Morrisville, Pennsylvania, south to the mouth of the Delaware Bay between Cape May, New Jersey, and Cape Henlopen, Delaware. Delaware Estuary is one of the most heavily used estuary systems in the U.

The Estuary supports one of the world’s greatest concentrations of heavy industry, the world’s largest freshwater port, and the second largest refining petrochemical center in the U.; 70% of the oil shipped to the East Coast of the United States passes through the Delaware Estuary (Santoro, 2004). The port system generates $19 billion in annual revenue. The annual harvest of Eastern oysters from the Estuary exceeds $1.5 million in market value. The Delaware River and Estuary system provides drinking water to over 9 million people (Sutton, 1996).

The Estuary also receives wastewater discharges from 162 industries and municipalities and approximately 300 combined sewer overflows. The estuary is also an important ecosystem to numerous species. It is an important resting and feeding area for millions of migrating birds.