Luận án ThS: Số phận Nitơ trong hệ thống WC tách tiểu - Shervin Hashemi, ĐH Seoul

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l 저작권자로부터 별도의 허가를 받으면 이러한 조건들은 적용되지 않습니다. 저작권법에 따른 이용자의 권리는 위의 내용에 의하여 영향을 받지 않습니다. 이것은 이용허락규약(Legal Code)을 이해하기 쉽게 요약한 것입니다. Disclaimer 공학석사학위논문 소변 분리 화장실 시스템에서 질소의 운명 Fate of Nitrogen in Urine Separated Toilet Systems 2015년 2월 서울대학교 대학원 건설환경공학부 Shervin Hashemi 소변 분리 화장실 시스템에서 질소의 운명 Fate of Nitrogen in Urine Separated Toilet Systems 지도교수 한 무 영 이 논문을 공학석사학위논문으로 제출함 2015년 2월 서울대학교 대학원 건설환경공학부 Shervin Hashemi Shervin Hashemi의 석사학위논문을 인준함 2015년 2월 위 원 장 김 재 영 (인) 부 위 원 장 한 무 영 (인) 위 원 남 경 필 (인) Master of Science Degree in Civil and Environmental Engineering Fate of Nitrogen in Urine Separated Toilet Systems By: Shervin Hashemi Advisor: Professor Mooyoung Han A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering The Graduate School Seoul National University February 2015 Abstract Fate of Nitrogen in Urine Separated Toilet Systems Shervin Hashemi Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering The Graduate School Seoul National University Present-day treatment of mixed waste water has several shortcomings: high amounts of resources, including drinking water, are consumed, valuable nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen or potassium are lost to the environment and micro pollutants are eliminated insufficiently.

Source separation of urine, which contributes most of the nutrients to waste water, is a promising alternative. However, the nutrients in urine might not be available in a convenient form for fertilizers. Furthermore, urine contains micro pollutants such as synthetic hormones, pharmaceuticals and their metabolites. These substances are mainly excreted via urine and may be harmful to the ecosystems and human health.

Today, i many micro pollutants reach the aquatic environment, because their degradation in waste water treatment plants is poor. Urine treatment might be necessary to produce an adequate fertilizer, but it might also be a suitable method to prevent the pollution of the environment with micro pollutants. Developing a treatment method requires the knowledge about the concentration and behavior of the nitrogen compounds in urine. During separation, storage and transport, urine is subject to several spontaneous processes such as urea hydrolysis, which change the urine composition significantly.

In this research fate of nitrogen in pure urine has been investigated. Also based on a wisdom learned from ancient Persian urine samples have been mixed with acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate and changes in fate of nitrogen and its effect in reducing odor of urine has been studied. Keywords: Source Separated Human Urine, Nitrogen Compounds, Acetic Acid, Sodium Bicarbonate Student Number: 2012-23969 ii Table of content Abstract…………………………………………. i Table of Content.

iii List of figures……………………………………………. viii List of tables………………………………………………. xi CHAPTER 1……………………………………………… 1 Introduction………. Urine as a Plant Food…….

Objectives of Research………………………………………. 15 Literature Review on Treatment Process for Source Separated Urine…………………………………………. Removal of Micro Pollutants. Ozonation and Advanced Oxidation…………………………….

29 Fate of Nitrogen Compounds in Urine and Urine Mixed with Acetic Acid and Sodium Bicarbonate…. Change in Urine pH by Time, Temperature and Composition…. Changes in Urine Creatinine, Urea, Uric Acid, Osmolality and Specific Gravity by Temperature…. New Fate of Nitrogen Compounds in Urine by Adding Acetic Acid and Sodium Bicarbonate….

Materials and Methods. Standard Methods for Chemical Measuring…. Results and Discussion………. Fate of Nitrogen Compounds in Pure Urine….

Fate of Nitrogen in Urine Mixed with Sodium Bicarbonate………………………………………………. Fate of Nitrogen Compounds in Urine Mixed with Acetic Acid…………………………. 46 References…………………………………………………………… 47 CHAPTER 4……………………………………………… 49 Effect of Bacterial Activities on Fate of Nitrogen Compounds in Urine Mixed with Chemicals…. Materials and Methods.

Results and Discussion……. Results of Bacterial DNA Test………. 55 References…………………………………………………………… 56 CHAPTER 5……………………………………………… 57 v Effect of Changes in Fate of Nitrogen on Odor of Urine. Materials and Methods.

Results and Discussion…. Minimum of Concentration of Ammonia to be Smelled. Effect of Adding Chemicals on Odor of Urine………… 61 5. 62 References…………………………………………………………… 62 CHAPTER 6……………………………………………… 64 Application of New Fate of Nitrogen on Urine Utilization………………………………………………….

Materials and Methods…. Results and Discussion…. 69 Conclusion………………………………………………… 69 vi Alphabetic Sorted References……………………………. 79 Appendix 1: Korean Abstract…………………………… 81 Appendix 2: Award for 2014 International Research Competition……………………………………………….

83 vii List of Figures Figure 1. Johns River has exceeded its assimilative capacity for nitrogen and phosphorus…………………………………………. Different Parts of Domestic Wastewater and Nutrient Contents ……………………………………………………………… 4 Figure 1. Schematic view of Urine Source Separated Toilet Systems and Its Application as Fertilizer…………………………….

Characteristics of Urine……………………. Percentage of Nutrients in Urine……………. The Change in Urine pH With Time at Various Temperature under Various Conditions ……………………………. The Change of pH With Time and Temperature for the Neat Urine ………….

Change in Urine pH With Time at Various Temperature under Various Conditions ……………………. Variation of Ammonia Concentration versus Time……. Changes of Nitrogen Compounds in Pure Urine versus Time at 22 oC…………………………………………………………. Variation of pH in Pure Urine versus Time …………….

Variation of Ammonia in Urine Mixed with Sodium Bicarbonate in Different Temperatures ……………………………… 42 Figure 3. Nitrogen Compounds in Urine mixed with Sodium Bicarbonate at 4 oC…………………………………………………… 43 Figure 3. Nitrogen Compounds in Urine mixed with Sodium Bicarbonate at 22 oC ……………………………………………. Nitrogen Compounds in Urine mixed with Sodium Bicarbonate at 22 oC ………………………………………………… 44 Figure 3.

Nitrogen Compounds in Urine mixed with Acetic Acid at 4 oC………………………………………………………………… 45 Figure 3. Nitrogen Compounds in Urine mixed with Acetic Acid at 22 oC………………………………………………………………. Changes in Nitrite Concentration in Urine mixed with Acetic Acid at 4 oC…………………………………………………. Three-Temperature Thermal Cycler Equipment for PCR…………………………………………………………………… 51 Figure 4.

Bacterial Community of Urine Sample at 5 oC with pH 8. Comparing Variation of Percentage of Presence of C. ix Pneumoniae with Concentration of Nitrite versus pH at 5 oC……. Bacterial Community of Urine Sample at 25 oC with pH 6.

Comparing the variety of percentage of presence for o Streptococcus with Concentration of Nitrite versus pH at 25 C……. Variation of TON versus Concentration for Ammonia under Standard Conditions …………………………………………. Variation of TON versus Concentration of Mixed Chemicals under Standard Conditions ………………………………. Changes of Concentration for Ammonia Versus pH In Different Temperatures……………………………………………….

Urine Storage and Treatment Diagram……. 67 x List of Tables Table 3. Nitrogen Demand of Some Plants…………. Standard Methods of Chemical Measurement.

Urine Initial Concentrations of Nitrogen Compounds …… 41 Table 5. TON Sampling Method Table……………………………. 59 xi Chapter 1 Introduction 1. Introduction Nutrient overload, or eutrophication, is one of the most serious water quality problems facing the river and its tributaries.

Nitrogen and phosphorus are necessary elements for all ecosystems however, too much of these nutrients in natural systems are harmful in the way that happened in The St. Johns River (Fig. In other words, the river contains more nutrients than it can "dilute." Excessive nutrients feed uncontrolled algal blooms that deplete oxygen in the water needed by fish, reduce light that is essential to submerged vegetation, and threaten the health of both humans and aquatic life. The river suffers from an excess of nutrients from wastewater treatment plants, industrial discharges, storm water runoff, and fertilizers that regularly wash into the river.

Johns River has exceeded its assimilative capacity for nitrogen and phosphorus The fertilizers we use to grow green crops and lawns are the same fertilizers that grow weeds and algae. As these fertilizers or nutrients enter the lake there’s an explosion of weed growth and algal blooms. As weeds and algae die, they sink to the bottom of the lake and begin to decay. As they decay, their decomposition depletes oxygen.

Beneficial aerobic bacteria and other microorganisms that depend on oxygen to decompose/digest the phosphorous and nitrogen in the decaying organic matter die. As aerobic bacteria and muck-eating microorganisms die, anaerobic bacteria take over and the bottom of the lake becomes layered in dead 2 organic muck. This muck then begins to re-fertilize the lake. This is called internal nutrient overloading.

Muck releases phosphorous and nitrogen back into the water column, and continuously fuels further weed and harmful (toxic) algae growth. The lake is fertilizing itself. Not only in care of environment, but also nutrient overload causes waterborne diseases. Nitrate poisoning affects infants by reducing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

The resulting oxygen starvation can be fatal. Nitrate poisoning, or methemoglobinemia, is commonly referred to as "blue baby syndrome" because the lack of oxygen can cause the skin to appear bluish in color. To protect human health, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set a drinking water Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 mg/l for Nitrate-nitrogen. In agriculture, over-fertilizing and poor soil quality can cause imbalances.

An excess of nitrogen may make plants look lush and green, but it tends to result in thin, lanky stalks, poor fruit set and an increased risk of blossom-end rot later in the season. This problem occurs more frequently in areas with sandy soil, high salinity or inconsistent moisture levels. Human urine is the main source of Nitrate. Most of the nutrients in wastewater (about 80% of the nitrogen and 50 % of the phosphorus) derive from urine after it enters the wastewater.

However controlling it seems to be 3 easy as urine accounts for less than 1 % of the total volume of wastewater (Fig. Different Parts of Domestic Wastewater and Nutrient Contents Based on this, the idea of separating urine from the source using urine source separation toilet systems can be a great help in reducing the amount of nutrients in domestic wastewater. Using source separated toilet systems, not only reduces the water consumptions but also as it is shown in figure 1.3, it is able to collect urine, pure and undiluted, so that it can – after sanitisation by storage – be safely used as fertilizer in agriculture (Von Münch & Winker 2011). Schematic view of Urine Source Separated Toilet Systems and Its Application as Fertilizer Urine has been used as a valuable plant food for centuries in many parts of the world, particularly in the Far East.

It is surprising therefore that nearly all the urine produced in the West and in Africa goes to waste and is lost to agriculture. Everybody passes about 1.5 liters of urine every day - and almost to the last drop, it is either flushed down a toilet or enters a deep pit latrine. The fact is that urine is a very valuable product - in several ways. It contains a lot of nitrogen and also phosphorus and potassium in smaller quantities, nutrients which are very valuable to plant growth.

Simply put, urine is too valuable to waste. 5 The nitrogen found in abundance in urine is good for plant growth because it helps to build protoplasm, protein and other components of plant growth. It certainly promotes leafy growth. Leaves become more numerous, go greener and larger and fleshier with urine application.

Phosphorus is important in the root formation, ripening of fruits and germination of seeds, although the percentage of phosphorus compared to nitrogen in urine is low. Potassium is also essential for promoting good fruit (and flower) development. Plants differ in their requirements, but overall plants fed with some urine grow better than plants which never come into contact with urine. Urine is particularly valuable for grasses like maize and leafy green vegetables, and onions, which respond to the high nitrogen content of urine.

Urine as a Plant Food When applied to the soil the urea (a small organic molecule) in urine changes into ammonia ions which can be transformed into ammonia gas, which can evaporate and be lost or, in the soil, can be converted by autotrophic bacteria (Nitrosamines) into nitrite ions and then Nitrobacteria into nitrate ions which can be taken up by the plant.